Chapter 11- Civil War – Flashcards

The North is called the Union, U.S.A, or Yankees. The South is called the Confederacy, C.S.A, or Rebels. The battle at Fort Sumter started the war. The upper South seceded when Fort Sumter was invaded

Since General McDowell's troops were poorly trained, it took his troops too long to march to Manassas, Virginia. During this time period, General P.G.T. Beauregard was able to add an additional 11,000 troops to his army at Bull Run, about 4 miles north of Manassas. On July 21st, 1861, the Union and the Confederacy soldiers fought hard for long hours. But when a fresh wave of Confederate soldiers came to launch a counterattack, the unskilled Union soldiers fled in pure terror, in no order whatsoever, into the safe confines of Washington, D.C.

Earned his nickname "Stonewall" by holding his forces steady under extreme pressure at the First Battle of Manassas (Bull Run)

Casualties consist of dead, wounded, missing, or captured. Anyone who cannot help fight anymore.

NORTH: better prepared for war; had more than twice as much railroad tracks (made movement of troops, food, and supplies easier), more than twice as many factories to produce guns and ammunition SOUTH: majority of officers were southerners; southern army did not need to initiate any military action to win the war; they felt they had a reason to fight (to preserve way of life, and have their right to self government)

After the fall of Fort Sumter, Lincoln ordered a naval blockade of the seceded states. By shutting down the south's ports along the Atlantic Coast and the Gulf of Mexico, Lincoln hoped to keep the South from shipping its cotton to Europe. He also wanted to prevent Southerners from importing the manufactured goods they needed. This was all part of a strategy developed by General Winfield Scott. He realized that it would take a long time to raise and train an army that was big and strong enough to invade the South successfully. Instead, he proposed to choke off the Confederacy with the blockade and to use troops and gunboats to gain control of the Mississippi River, thus cutting the Confederacy in two.

War of attrition is a type of war in which one side inflicts continuous losses on the other in order to wear down its strength. Southerners counted on their forces being able to turn back Union attacks until Northerners lost the will to fight. But in the end, it was the North that waged a successful war of attrition against the South.

Bullets: drifted less as it flew through the air instead of the older type of ammunition, the round ball Rifling (Rifles): a spiral grove cut on the inside of a barrel would make the fired bullet pick up spin, causing it to travel straighter and faster. Older muskets had no rifling and were accurate for only about 100 yards. Rifles could hit targets 500 yards away. Artillery Shells: devices that exploded in the air or when they hit something. This was instead of just iron cannon balls. Canisters: a special type of shell filled with bullets. This turned canons into giant shotguns.

Grant's objectives were Fort Henry and Fort Donelson located over the border in the Confederate state of Tennessee. The forts protected the Tennessee River and Cumberland rivers, which were important water routes. These gunboats pounded Fort Henry to surrender before Grant's troops arrived

The Union suffered 13,000 and the Confederates nearly 11,000 casualties. I think that these numbers are much worse than those suffered in Iraq today, considering this is a battle famous for it's number of deaths and casualties.

He took over the Mississippi River capturing Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and Natchez, Mississippi. Later seizing Memphis, Tennessee, leaving only two major posts on the Mississippi River to the Confederates.

The Merrimack was constructed by bolting iron plates to an old wooden steamship. The Monitor was constructed with similarities to the Merrimack. The Monitor was made entirely out of iron looking like a tin can on a raft.

The Union was anxious to avenge their defeat at Bull Run, and General George McClellan ordered the Army of the Potomac to go to Manassas and he transported about 100,000 of them to a peninsula. Once landed, they encountered about 15,000 Southerners. McClellan requested back up but did not advance until a month later, when the defenders left their position, then turned around and attacked. The North claimed victory but both sides suffered heavy casualties.

Lee decided to invade the North. He hoped to win a victory on Union soil and gain the support of European countries and turn Northern opinion against the war. Lee's army bypassed the Union troops guarding Washington and slipped in to western Maryland. The Union had no idea where the Confederates were until they found a copy of Lee's orders wrapped around a left cigar. This led to the Battle of Antietam.

Within the first three hours of fighting, there were nearly 14,000 casualties (amounts to 1/3) in Lee's army. The next day the Confederates retreated back into Virginia, and Lincoln telegraphed McClellan to "Destroy the rebel army if possible," but he did not take advantage of his opportunity to destroy Lee's army.

General Lee called for a draft (required military service) in case there weren't enough soldiers for the war. Opponents of strong central government claimed that a draft violated the principles of states' rights that the South was fighting for.

To help raise money for the war, the Confederate congress imposed a tax on personal incomes, which was disliked by the people who had to pay them.

A fierce commitment to states' rights worked against the Confederate government and harmed the war effort in many ways.

The Confederate president Davis sent two representatives from the Confederacy to England and France. After evading the Union blockade, the two representatives boarded the British mail ship Trent and steamed for Europe. A Union warship stopped the Trent and brought the two Confederate officials and brought them to the U.S. An outraged British government sent troops to Canada and threatened war unless the two men were freed. President Lincoln ordered their release.

emergency rule by military authorities, during which some Bill of Rights guarantees are suspended. Lincoln declared this in some of the Border States because he wanted to secure Kentucky since the Union needed the Loyalty of Kentucky and Missouri in order to keep control of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.

The "writ of habeas corpus" is a legal protection requiring that a court determine if a person is lawfully imprisoned . Lincoln suspended it because it allows people to be held in jail for indefinite periods even though they haven't been charged with a crime. The Constitution allows suspension of the "writ of habeas corpus" during a rebellion. Lincoln did this to quiet the opponents in the United States and keep opposition quiet.

The Emancipation Proclamation is a presidential decree, by president Lincoln, effective January 1, 1863, that freed slaves in Confederate-held territory. This decree had little direct impact on slavery because it applied only to places that were under Confederate control. The Border States could still have slavery.

Same reason for the South. It was a tax they did not have before and did not want now.

Not backed by gold or silver. And we not regulated and fluctuated. Take it off the gold/silver and it's just paper.

Made up of a group of Democrats against the war. They warned that Republican policies would bring a flood of freed slaves to the North & that the freed slaves would take jobs away from the whites. Also, Radical copperheads tried to persuade Union soldiers to desert the army, and they urged other Northerners to resist the draft.

Slaves were considered to be "contrabands of war." Benjamin Butler devised a legal argument that allowed the Union army to free escaped slaves they captured. Because it was generally accepted that one side's possessions could be seized by its enemy. And because they were property, the slaves could then be let go.

No. Racial discrimination was prevalent even in the North, and discriminatory practices permeated the U.S. military. They served in all-black regiments under the command of white officers. And they earned less pay. Black units were not used in combat extensively. They also faced greater peril than white troops when captured by the Confederate Army. The Confederate Congress threatened to punish severely officers of black troops and to enslave black soldiers.

The 54th Massachusetts Infantry, commanded by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, led the attack on the Fort. There actions demonstrated what Lew's father, Fredrick Douglas, wrote in his newspaper.

One of the most notorious South prison camp. It was built to hold 10,000 men, it eventually confined nearly 35,000 Northerners in a fenced, 26-acre open area. About 100 prisoners died each day, usually of starvation or exposure.

Clara was a government clerk who quit her job in order to supplies and first aid to Union troops in camp and during battle. This got her the name from the soldiers as "angel of the battlefield" She continued her service after the war by starting the American Red Cross.

Confederates "Stonewall" Jackson defeat the USA McClellan who was named General-in-Chief of USA "Army of the Potomac". RESULT: The North realized that the war was not going to end quickly.

Fort Henry, For Donelson, and Shilod

Grant began a campaign throughout western Tennessee and the Cumberland River valley. He cleared out the forts with gunboats.

After the win at Donelson they headed towards Pittsburgh Landing. This was important because there was a strategic railroad which the Union wanted more.

They seized most of the Mississippi fro Memphis up to Vicksburg Ferragut's ships took New Orleans which prevented supplies from entering the Confederate states of America. Result: The south was almost completely divided at the Mississippi, the confederate troops in the West were cut off from supplies and the North was able to use the Mississippi.

northern currency

the bloodiest single day of battle

Named for the snake which squeezes its prey to death, the strategy was designed to strangle the South, Four Parts: Capture the confederate capital city of Richmond and the rest of Virginia.(didnt even get near richomon till 64 the war started in 61- failed attempts were first and second bull run, penisular campaign, and wilderness battle finally wins.) Invade the Deep South from Tennessee to move into the south. (unseccessful) Strike along the Mississippi River to split the Confederacy (yes- in 62 we had everything but the city of vickburg.) Blockade all southern ports to prevent imports. (successful- slowly strangled the economic life out of the south)

Pro and Con set up: con- he created the emancipation proclamation which was only partial. he freed slaves in the southern states besides the border states because he was worried they would succeed if he let the slaves free. This was affective January 1st in 63 and the war began in 61 so it took him 2 years to free the slaves and he didn't do it right away. his goal was to keep the south in the union and was not to abolish slavery so if he was a great emancipator he would have done it his first day in office. pro- he allowed the northern army free the slaves under the law of emancipation proclamation. Then the 13th amendment is a document that frees all slaves.

Submarines- used for first time in this war. Confederate submarine Hunley became the first sub to sink a warship, however the explosion from the torpedo, which was placed on a long pole attached to the sub, also sank the Hunley. Balloons- hot air balloons Hot air balloons were used for reconnaissance work, and had an advantage of seeing a birds eye view of soldiers location, weapons, and forts. Gatling guns- machine guns (multiple bullets in a minute) Ironclads- ships that had metal iron plates on the outside. no sails, steam powered, cannon balls bounced off of the Iron. U.S.S. Merrimack first ship built by Confederates. U.S.S Monitor was created by the Union, it was a ship that allowed the men to be under the waterline. these two ships fought for a while but could not sink each other so the battle turned out to be a draw. The battle between these two ships changed warfare forever. Later on the Merrimack was about to be taken over by the Monitor so the south sunk their ship on purpose. And the Merrimack later sinks in a storm. "The Dictator"- one of the weapons used by the North had a mortar used to shell positions in the city from a distance of approximately 2 and 1/2 miles Other Civil War military "firsts" The Minie ball- completely destroy flesh and bone if hit in the right spot. Repeating rifles- being able to put several shells in a rifle, don't have to load it after every bullet. Heavy artillery- exploding shells Trench Warfare- needed because bullets were more accurate. Significant use of railroads- Land mines- Telescopic rifle sights- scope you put on the stop of the rifle which magnifies the distance so you can see closer with a more accurate angle.

Monitor

Jefferson Davis

McClellan

Lee

Clara Barton

admerial farrugot

Vicksburg

Antietam and Gettysburg

The problem with McClellan's leaderships plan was- the men loved him because he fed them. he was to careful and cautious though The Navy transports his army from D.C. to the Confederate capital of Richmond so they are trying the water route. By the time that he gets there he can't break through their defenses and he fails and is fired. This battle has two names because its called the seven days battle because it lasted a week and called the peninsular campaign because he traveled up the peninsula. Since he waited to March to Richmond that is why he lost.

The battle was near a strategic railroad line in Virginia which Union General Pope hoped to seize. The Confederate forces crushed Pope's army Pope lost 15,000 men and him and his men were forced to retreat in defeat.

The Confederates are invading the Union in Maryland. It was a one day battle and they lost more men in this battle then Gettysburg which was a 3 day battle. McClellan learned Lee's plan when he found it bundled up in three cigars but even though he knew the plan he believed lee had a larger force and acted very cautiously. Lincoln left D.C. and went to McClellan's came to tell him to attack.

rich people could pay someone $300 to go into their place. " A rich man's war...but a poor man's fight." Confederate law also allowed for substitutes and exemptions for planters with more than 20 slaves.

The Union army needed more soldiers so under the law all men between the ages of 20 and 45 were eligible to be called for military service.

Offered command of the Union Army Waited to see if Virginia would secede Virginia seceded the next day, and Lee resigned his commission.

you delay your enemy for as long as possible until the other side gives up before you.

speech that advocates revolution against government

a citizen's constitutional right to having formal charges brought up against him in a court of law. ((when he did this people were stuck in jail for 3 years or more till they felt like holding a trial. He took away citizens constitutional rights but he didn't care he said sue me! They did but by the time the law suits were filed the war was over, so it didn't matter.))

is the most famous Southern prison camp. brutal conditions like overcrowding and lack of water and food.

This will be a fail attack because they had to march through open land. Lee retreated the next day after the confederate attack was stopped and they suffered high casualties. Lee believed an attack on the union center line would be the most effective way of defeating the Union army and winning the battle.

The last major city on the Mississippi River eastern side. Lincoln believed that taking the city was pivotal to winning the war Naval bombardment of the town had failed and Lincoln assigned Grant to take the city by land. Grants strategy was to cross the mississippi river below Vicksburg and com up from the east to take the town. He went through the swamp to do this. Confederates finally surrendered after 5 battles at 10p.m. on July 3, 1863 after being surrounded by the Union and white flags were flown throughout the city on July 4, 1863.

This is a series of battles took place in the wilderness area of Virginia with the goal of seizing Richmond, the confederate capital. Grant was initially defeated but instead of retreating, as other Generals had, he continued to stay and fight. (all out war) Grant wanted to clear the area before marching on Lee, but Lee attacked Grant before the area could be cleared out. Because of dense foliage, troops accidentally fired on their own men Grant lost more men then Lee but Grant had a larger army and could take the hit and keep going. Grant also had reserve enough that he could easily replenish his force.

General Sherman wanted to cut through the heartland of the south to destroy anything of military value in order to demonstrate that the Southern Army could not protect their own land. He believed this would force the confederacy to surrender Grant would attack from east, Sherman from the west. Sherman decided to abandon his supply lines and march directly to the sea foraging off the land, to supply his troops, and burning anything the south might be able to use to make war. By Christmas of 1864 Sherman had taken Savannah. His men sure that the end of the war was in sight, stopped burning home and factories and instead began distributing excess food. During this time Lincoln was reelected and picked a democrat to run with him. Because of Lincoln, Congress passes the 13th Amendment, to be ratified by the states. What Does the 13th Amendment say? "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation." This banded slavery in the rest of the states including the border states.

Confederate officers could keep their side arms and personal possessions. Officers and men who claimed to own their horses could keep them. Each officer and men was allowed to return to their home, "not to be disturbed by the United States authorities." Grant also offered Lee 25,000 food rations for Confederate soldiers.