USH-ch. 14-15 – Flashcards
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Describe the factors responsible for the immense industrial boom that occurred in the US.
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1. A wealth of natural resources, 2. Government support for business, 3. Growing urban population that provided both cheap labor and markets for new products
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Originally, what use did Americans find for oil?
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To make fuel and medicine, and used it to make kerosene for lighting lamps
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List four natural resources that were important for industrialization
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Oil, coal, iron ore, water
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What is the historical significance of the Home Insurance Building in Chicago?
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It was the first skyscraper with a steel frame
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Who invented the typewriter?
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Christopher Sholes
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Who invented the telephone?
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Alexander Graham Bell, and Thomas Watson
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Did the percentage of women in the workforce increase or decrease between 1870 and 1910 and how much?
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From 5 % to 40 %
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What allowed railroad companies to expand their tracks?
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Cheaper steel
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What was the first railroad company to expand to the Ohio River?
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The B and O railroad in 1852
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When was the first transcontinental railroad completed?
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1869
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What were some dangers of working on railroads?
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Accidents, diseases, and Indian attacks
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In 1883, what happened to the Railroad Companies?
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They divided the country into four time zones
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When did Congress adopt railroad time?
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1918
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Who was Gustavus Swift?
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The 1st person to make use of the refrigerated rail car to create a national meat-packing network
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What cubed the power of the railroads?
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The panic of 1893
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What did the financial companies do?
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Bought up the the controlling interest in a quarter of the nation's railroads
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What were Carnegie's management and business strategies?
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Searched for ways to make better products more cheaply, incorporated new machinery and techniques, attracted people by offering them stock in the company, and used VI and HR
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What did Social Darwinism say about the poor?
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Since some riches were a sign of God's favor, the poor must be lazy or inferior people who deserved their lot in life
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Describe how John D. Rockefeller drove his competitors out of business.
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Sold oil at a lower price than his cost to produce it, then when he controlled the market he would hike prices above original level
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How did the 1890 Sherman antitrust Act curb the power of corporations?
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They made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries
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Which labor union opened their membership to minorities, women, and non skilled workers?
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Knights of labor
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How did Samuel Gompers and the American Federation of Labor win higher wages and shorter workweeks?
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They had many successful strikes
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How did craft unions and industrial unions differ?
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Craft unions were skilled workers from one or more trades, while IU were both skilled and unskilled
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What happened in the aftermath of the Pullman Company strike?
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Debs was jailed, Pullman fired most of the strikers, and the railroads blacklisted many others so they could never again get railroad jobs
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What factors made the Triangle-Shirtwaist Fire so lethal?
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1. One fire escape, no sprinklers 2. Full of cloth and oil 3. Company had locked all but one door to prevent theft 4. Unlocked door, had fire inside
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How many immigrants poured into the U.S. from 1880 to 1920?
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Five million
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What were two characteristics of the new immigrants?
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70 % came from countries in southern Eastern Europe, and most were poor, uneducated, and not protestant
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Why did immigrants come to the U.S.?
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To escape poverty, and religious and political persecution
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What provided economic assistance to immigrants and helped them to maintain their identity?
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Churches, temples, and synagogues
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Many Native- born Americans blamed the new immigrants for what?
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crime, poverty, and spreading radical political ideas.
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As unemployment rose, what did nativists want?
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The expulsion of Chinese immigrants
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What were the causes of the immigrants leaving their home countries?
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Poverty, land shortages, religious persecution
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What was the effects of the massive flag of immigrants to the U.S. in the late 1800s?
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Greater competion for jobs, rapid urban growth
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What was the purpose behind the Americanization movement? What types of subjects?
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It was designed to assimilate people of wide-ranging cultures into the dominant culture; English lit, American history and gov, and social etiquette
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What housing problems did urban working class families face?
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Overcrowded, unsanitary, and transportation issues
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What were two methods introduced between 1870 and 1908 to make city water safer?
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Filtration and chlorination
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Which city organized the first full-time, salaries police force?
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NY
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How did political machines help immigrants and therefore secure their votes?
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It helped immigrants with naturalization, housing, and jobs,
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Who was the corrupt head of Tammany Hall, New York's political machine?
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Boss Tweed
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How did Thomas Nast help end the corruption of Tammany Hall's Tweed Ring?
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He helped arouse public outrage against Tammany Hall's graft
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Who were the Stalwarts?
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Political boss Roscoe Conkling's supporters
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Which violent act lead to the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Act?
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President Garfield was shot 2 times by a mentally, unbalanced lawyer named Charles Guiteau
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Describe the positive and negative consequences of the Pendleton Civil Service Act.
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Public administration became more honest and efficient, but because official could longer pressure employees for campaign contributions, politicians turned to other sources for donations
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Who was the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms?
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Grover Cleveland
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Which company formed the Credit Mobiler to skim profits for themselves?
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Union Pacific Railroad Company
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Graft involved the use of what influence for what gain?
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Political; personal
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Where did most immigrants arrive on the East Coast? West Coast?
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West- angel island, San Fran East- Ellis island, NY
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What does Andrew Carnegie do to repair his reputation after the Johnstown flood?
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He donated money to rebuild Johnstown, build libraries and a music hall
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Carnegie Steel CEO Henry Frick decided that workers at the Homestead Steel plant would work ____ hours a day, and _____ days a week
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12; 6
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Why did striking workers barricade the front of the plant?
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To prevent Frick from bringing in replacements
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What does the Pennsylvania gov do to restore order?
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He sends in the state militia
