question

What is management?

answer

describes all of the managers in an organization; leading it. actual study of what the managers do within a business.

question

What is a manager?

answer

individual, who is responsible for helping an organization achieve its objectives through the efficient use of resources

question

What do managers do? (hint: P.O.L.C. Stages)

answer

Planning Stage Organizing Stage Leading Stage Controlling Stage

question

Planning Stage: What is it? What does it begin with?

answer

it is looking to the future; setting the objectives/outline for the future of the organization; making a vision to bring the business further into the future; looking ahead for the success of the organization. Planning begins with the mission statement for the business.

question

Organizing Stage: What is it? What question does it ask and how is it answered?

answer

looking at day-to-day activities and taking the appropriate resources on hand and incorporating them into the daily work tasks. What do we need to do to get a job done today? This question can be answered by performing whatever means necessary to complete said tasks.

question

Leading Stage: What is it? What must managers do to achieve the desired outcome?

answer

influencing people in a positive way in order to achieve full productivity from their workers; influencing the workers to do better and be better at their jobs. managers have to set an example, be the ideal employee/role model to show their workers how the business should be run.

question

Controlling Stage

answer

setting standards that should be followed in order to make the business successful; setting performance standards

question

Top Managers

answer

making the big picture decisions for the business; looking at things from a whole perspective instead of individually dissecting the business's aspects

question

Which stage is important for Top Managers? Why?

answer

Planning Stage. these managers are responsible for every single unit in the company.

question

Middle Managers

answer

the liaisons (go-between) for the top level and first line managers; they facilitate communication and manage the head of their units; answers to the top level managers. Ex. - VP of Acct. in the Accounting subsidiary

question

First-Line Managers

answer

the department head who answer to the middle managers; looks at daily functions of businesses and oversees the actual workers to ensure that they are doing their jobs efficiently and effectively; they have regular employees/factory workers as subordinates

question

Understanding MGMT has progressed slowly for what 3 major reasons?

answer

1.) Until around a century ago, there were few large organizations to provide both the stimulus and the laboratory for management research. 2.) It was assumed that management and other business issues were part of the subject matter of economics. 3.) Because management is a social science, its variables and concepts are more difficult to identify, define, and measure, and predict than those associated with physical phenomena.

question

True or False: Management is not an exact science or mathematical equation. Explain.

answer

True. What works for some companies may not be as effective for others.

question

Schools of Management Thought

answer

different classifications of management approaches

question

What are the different Schools of Management Thought? (Hint: there are 4 types)

answer

Classical Behavioral Quantitative Situational

question

Classical School of MGMT focuses on what primarily? Did its focus overlook something important in the organization?

answer

they focus on rationality, efficiency, and standardization and, in the process, overlooked the roles of people in the organization.

question

What is included in the Classical School of MGMT Thought? (Hint: topics covered)

answer

Scientific Management Bureaucratic Organization Theory 14 Principles of MGMT

question

What was Frederick Taylor's basic assumption of the common worker? Where did he get his ideals from?

answer

made the assumption that humans are solely rational creatures, meaning they would take criticisms well and work on bettering themselves. looked at a basic factory machine and watched its functions to get his ideas

question

Who is considered the "father of scientific management"?

answer

Frederick Taylor

question

What did Frederick Taylor introduce into the workplace that is still implemented today?

answer

Piece-rate (incentive plan to ensure full productivity) work breaks (designed to give the worker a break from work to reduce the amount of work related injuries; before this companies would literally work their employees to death)

question

Pig Iron Experiment

answer

created by Frederick Taylor; Pig Iron Steel Co. located in Bethlehem, PN. got 10 best workers to load as much pig iron onto railroad cars in 1 day as quickly and efficiently as possible

question

What was the average amount of pig iron on the railroad cars? (Hint: 10 workers got this amount each, not as a total)

answer

75 tons each were loaded in 1 day

question

What did the Pig Iron Experiment prove?

answer

that if given an incentive, workers will perform at a higher standard; they will be more efficient if given a benefit

question

What was the average amount that Taylor suggested each regular worker strive for?

answer

12.5 tons per day but businesses were advised to make their workers achieve a goal of 40 tons per day

question

What was the incentive(s) given to those who could reach the goal amount of pig iron?

answer

for every ton over the 40 ton minimum, the worker would receive $.03 per ton if they reached 45 tons in a day then they were awarded $1.69 per day that it was reached (originally workers made about $1.15 per day)

question

Who were the original Cheaper by the Dozen Family?

answer

Frank and Lilian Gilbreth

question

What are the Gilbreth's known for?

answer

the Motion Study and Therbligs

question

Motion Study

answer

filming the individual movements of a worker performing a certain task and step-by-step recording/counting each movement until job was done; then trying to reduce the number of movements required to finish the job

question

What did the motion study contribute to? (Hint: it was something useful to Frank Gilbreth's everyday job) How did it help?

answer

building the first scaffolding for brick layers. creation put the starting bricks at shoulder level, instead of on the ground, so the layers could limit their movements and preserve energy (didn't have to bend over to pick up the brick and then lay it)

question

Therbligs

answer

17 steps of movements that were commonly performed in each job

question

What were the Therbligs used for?

answer

used these steps to demonstrate to workers, doctors, and baseball players how they could maximize efficiency and reduce motion and time to achieve their goal/finish the tasks

question

How did Frank and Lilian's research help improve the medical profession?

answer

changed the way doctors and nurses exchanged tools; Ex. - nurses used to grab a scalpel by the handle and hand it, by the bladed side, to the doctor, who would then have to turn it around before using it

question

What is Lilian's role in her husband's research? How did she bring the motion study into the household?

answer

she is considered the 1st lady in MGMT because she picked up Frank's work after his sudden death. She used his work to show women how to run households more efficiently; everyday chores done in smaller, quicker movements

question

Max Weber

answer

Prussian born into a wealthy family; very well educated; developed a nervous condition early in life which affected his work study

question

What term was first coined by Weber?

answer

Bureaucracy

question

Max Weber's Ideal Bureaucracy

answer

a division of labor and specific allocation of responsibility based on functional specialization

question

What did Max Weber study?

answer

took a look at the way religion ties into the workplace; questioned the influence of the Protestant religion, stating that it shaped modern capitalism

question

What was different about Max Weber's study?

answer

he would take 1 organization and examine it thoroughly before making suggestions and changes; he didn't generalize his findings to all organizations, but instead to one singular business at a time

question

Who created the 14 principles of MGMT?

answer

Henri Fayol

question

Why is Henri Fayol important?

answer

he was the first to identify the major functions of management (P.O.L.C.)

question

What were the 5 positive bureaucratic features?

answer

1.) a well-defined hierarchy of authority 2.) formal rules and procedures 3.) a clear division of labor, with parts of a complex job being handled by specialists 4.) impersonality, without reference or connection to a particular person 5.) careers based on merit

question

Why is Weber important?

answer

though his work was not translated to English until 1947, it came to have an important influence on the structure of large corporations (Ex.- Coca-Cola Co.)

question

How did Weber define a bureaucracy?

answer

a rational, efficient, ideal organization based on principles of logic

question

Why is Frederick Taylor important?

answer

although "Taylorism" met considerable resistance from employees fearing that working harder would lead to lost jobs except for the highly productive few, Taylor believed that by raising production both labor and management could increase profits to the point where they no longer would have to quarrel over them

question

Scientific Management

answer

emphasized the scientific study of work methods to improve the productivity of individual workers

question

What are the 4 Principles of Scientific MGMT?

answer

1.) evaluate a task by scientifically studying each part of the task. 2.) carefully select workers with the right abilities for the task. 3.) give workers the training and incentives to do the task with the proper work methods. 4.) use scientific principles to plan the work methods and ease the way for workers to do their jobs.

question

Robert Owen

answer

(1771-1858) age 9: taken out of school and placed in draper's factory age 16: borrows hundred pounds and bought factory in New Land Arc which turned out to be a village of workers (~2,000) left by previous owners made changes to the standard of living for these people that influenced their work ethic

question

What changes did Robert Owen make to New Land Arc?

answer

built a school, thinking that the educated worker was more efficient prevented any child under the age of 10 to work in a factory those ages 10 and older could only work 10-hour workdays mandated that youngsters attend school and high schoolers would work then attend school

question

What did these changes do for the children in Owen's village?

answer

they were healthier and could achieve social points throughout childhood; they were no longer stunted by the harmful factory fumes and tight spaces

question

Hugo Munsterberg

answer

(1863-1916) raised in Germany by both parents well educated with Psychology degrees believed that psychologists contributed to industry in 3 ways

question

Why is Munsterberg important?

answer

his ideas led to the field of industrial psychology, the study of human behavior in workplaces.

question

What were the 3 ways that psychologists contributed to industry?

answer

1.) study jobs and determine which people are best suited to specific jobs. 2.) identify the psychological conditions under which employees do their best work. 3.) devise management strategies to influence employees to follow management's interests.

question

Mary Parker Follett

answer

(1868-1933) U.S. born father died and mother was an invalid went to Radcliffe College degrees in law and politics thought organizations should become more democratic, with managers and employees working together

question

Why is Follett important?

answer

she anticipated some of today's concepts of "self-managed teams", "worker empowerment", and "interdepartmental teams" - members of different departments working together on joint projects

question

Follett's ideas

answer

1.) organizations should be operated as "communities" with managers and subordinates working together in harmony. 2.) conflicts should be resolved by having managers and workers talk over differences, and find solutions that would satisfy both parties (integration) 3.) work process should be under the control of workers with the relevant knowledge, rather than of managers, who should act as facilitators.

question

Chester Barnard

answer

(1886-1961) manager of New Jersey Telephone Co. focused on informal organizations (water cooler talks)

question

Why is Barnard important?

answer

he wanted to call attention to control the social atmosphere at the workplace; the interrelationships between bosses v. workers and workers v. workers

question

Why are the Hawthorne Studies important?

answer

though they were faulted, they still brought attention to the importance of "social man" and how managers using good human relations could improve worker productivity

question

Who conducted the illuminated experiments? Where? What are they?

answer

Elton Mayo Western Electric Company a process of turning up the lighting in a factory to improve worker productivity (the better one can see, the better one can work)

question

What did Mayo discover when he took 6 women form the factory floor into a personal observation room?

answer

he discovered that they worked more productively when they knew they were being watched. Also, they were given extra money for this experiment which in turn increase their productiveness. He found out that they began to form relationships with one another after spending all day in a room together.

question

Theory X and Theory Y: What are they?

answer

Theory X managers - pessimistic, negative view of workers Theory Y managers - optimistic, positive view of workers

question

Who devised the Theories of X and Y?

answer

Douglas McGregor

question

Why are the Theories of X and Y important?

answer

it helps managers understand how their beliefs affect their behaviors and how those behaviors affect their workers

question

MGMT Science

answer

using mathematics to actually make a decision in the business; making business decisions using an actual mathematical equation

question

Rensis Likert: Job-Centered v. Employee-Centered

answer

Job-centered - focuses on the job at hand Employee-centered - focuses on social aspects of the job; working conditions are sound, they like the managers and are happy was later proved that both aspects were important and could work in either workplace experience depending on the business

question

Systems Theory

answer

talking about biology/physical science portion of business; an input goes in and is processed with the environment and is produced as an output with feedback

question

System

answer

a set of interrelated parts that operate together to achieve a common purpose

question

Why is MGMT science important?

answer

it stresses the use of rational, science-based techniques and mathematical models to improve decision making and strategic planning.

question

Why is Operations MGMT important?

answer

through the rational management of resources and distribution of goods and services, operations management helps ensure that business operations are efficient and effective

question

Quantitative MGMT

answer

the application to management of quantitative techniques, such as statistics and computer simulations

question

What are the 4 parts of a system?

answer

1.) inputs 2.) transformation processes 3.) outputs 4.) feedback

question

Organic Structure

answer

capable of change; absorbs/adapts to the differences in the environment

question

Mechanistic Structure

answer

does not change; hard to change; stays constant and makes it difficult to change certain things with lots of committees there to discuss the issues; more like a bureaucracy because it is slow to evolve

question

Project-based Process

answer

putting together a team to build something and finish it; more unpredictable/uncertain; unstructured with not a lot of instructions; more innovative (Ex. - Google)

question

Job Shop Process

answer

has a bunch of specific tasks that certain people work on; has more restrictions

question

Batch Process

answer

more routines; only do certain jobs; very restricted

question

Assembly Line

answer

same thing happening all the time, down the line, everyday

question

Continuous Flow

answer

same thing happening day in and day out; everyday, all day, never changing

question

What are the 2 types of Environment for a system?

answer

1.) High uncertainty which is always changing (stable/innovative) 2.) Low uncertainty which is hardly ever changing (unstable/constant)

question

Contingency Theory

answer

emphasizes that a manager's approach should vary according to the individual and the environmental situation

MGMT320 Lecture 1 (test 1) – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards