question

Scientific Management

answer

emphazies careful selection and training of workers and supervisory support

question

Motion Study

answer

is the science of reducing a task to its basic physical motions

question

Bureaucracy

answer

is a rational and efficent form of organization founded on logic, order, and legitmate authority

question

Hawthorne effect

answer

is the tendency of persons singled out for special attention to perform as expected

question

Human relations movement

answer

suggested that managers using good human relations will achieve productivity

question

Organizational Behavior

answer

is the study of individuals and groups in organizations

question

Need

answer

is a physcological psychological deficency that a person wants to satisfy

question

Theory X

answer

assumes people dislike work, lack ambition, act irresponsibly, and prefer to be led.

question

Theory Y

answer

assumes people are willing to work, like responsibility, and are self-directed and creative.

question

Self-fufilling prophecy

answer

occurs when a person acts in ways that confirm another's expectations.

question

Management science and operations research

answer

uses quantitative analysis and applied mathematics to solve problems.

question

Operations Management

answer

is the study of how orgranizations produce goods and services.

question

System

answer

is a collection of interrelated parts working together for a purpose.

question

Subsystem

answer

is a smaller component of a larger system

question

Open system

answer

interacts with it environment and transforms resource inputs into outputs.

question

Contingency thinking

answer

tries to match management practices with situational demands.

question

Total quality management

answer

is managing with an orgranization-wide commitment to continous improvement, product quality, and customer needs.

question

Continuous improvement

answer

involves always searching for new ways to improve work quality and performance

question

ISO certification

answer

indicates conformance with a rigorous set of international quality standards

question

Knowledge management

answer

is the process of using intellectual capital for competitive advantage

question

Learning organization

answer

continously changes and improves, using the lessons of experience.

question

High-performance organization

answer

consistently achieves excellence while creating a high-quality work environment

question

Evidence-based management

answer

involves making decisions based on hard facts about what really works.

question

Ethics

answer

sets standards of good or bad, or right or wrong, in one's conduct

question

Ethical behavior

answer

is a "right" or "good" in the context of a governing moral code.

question

Values

answer

are broad beliefs about what is appropriate behavior

question

Terminal Values

answer

are prefrences about desired end states

question

Instrumental values

answer

are prefrences regarding the means to desired ends

question

Utilitarian view

answer

ethical behavior delivers the greatest good to the most people

question

Individualism view

answer

ethical behavior advances long-term self-interests.

question

Moral rights view

answer

ethical behavior respects and protects fundamental rights.

question

Justice view

answer

ethical behavior treats people impartially and fairly

question

Prodedural justice

answer

is concerned that policies and rules are faitly applied.

question

Distributive justice

answer

is concerned that people are treated the same regardless of personal characteristics.

question

Interactional justice

answer

is the degree to which others are treated with dignity and respect

question

Cultural relativism

answer

suggests there is no one right way to behave: ethical behavior is determined by its cultural events.

question

Universalism

answer

suggests ethical standards apply across all cultures.

question

Ethical imperialism

answer

is an attempt to impose one's ethical standards on other cultures.

question

Ethical dilemma

answer

is a situation that offers potential benefit or gain and is also unethical

question

Ethics intensity or issue intensity

answer

indicates the degree to which an issue or situation is recognized to pose important ethical challenges.

question

Ethical framework

answer

is a personal rule or strategy for making ethical decisions.

question

Whistleblower

answer

exposes the misdeeds of others in organizations

question

Ethics training

answer

seeks to help people understand the making and to incorporate high ethical standard into their daily behavior

question

Code of Ethics

answer

is a formal statement of values and ethical standards

question

Immoral manager

answer

chooses to behave unethically

question

Amoral manager

answer

fails to consider the ethics of her or his behavior

question

Moral manager

answer

makes ethical behavior a personal goal

question

Ethics mindfulness

answer

is enriched awareness that leads to consistent ethical behavior

question

Social entrepreneurship

answer

has a mission to solve pressing social problems

question

Corporate social responsibility

answer

is the obligation of an organization to serve its own interests and those of society

question

Organizational stakeholders

answer

are directly affected by behavior of the organization and hold a stake in its performance

question

Classical view of CSR

answer

is that business should focus on profits

question

Socioeconomic view of CSR

answer

is that business should focus on broader social welfare as well as profits

question

Virtuous circle

answer

occurs when CSR improves financial performance which leads to more CSR

question

Social responsibility audit

answer

assesses an organization's accomplishments in areas of social responsibility

question

Obstructionist strategy

answer

avoids social responsibilty and reflects mainly economic priorities

question

Defensive strategy

answer

seeks protection by doing the minimum legally required

question

Accommodative strategy

answer

accpets social respoonsibility and tries to satisfy economic, legal, and ethical criteria

question

Proactive strategy

answer

meets all the criteria of social responsibility, including discretionary performance

question

Corporate governance

answer

is the oversight of top management by a board of directors

question

Data

answer

are raw facts and observations

question

Information

answer

is data made useful for decision making

question

Information techinology

answer

helps us acquire, store, and process information

question

Information systems

answer

use IT to collect, organize, and distribute data for use in decision making

question

Management information systems

answer

meets the information needs of managers in making daily decisions

question

Problem solving

answer

involves identifying and taking action to resolve problems

question

A decision

answer

is a choice among possible alternative courses of action

question

Systematic thinking

answer

approaches problems in a rational and analytical fashion

question

Intuitive thinking

answer

approaches problems in a flexible and spontaneous fashion

question

Decision-making process

answer

beings with identification of a problem and ends with evaluation of implemented solutions.

question

Cost-benefit analysis

answer

involves comparing the costs and benefits of each potential course of action

question

Classical decision model

answer

describes decision making with complete information

question

Optimizing decision

answer

chooses the alternative giving the absolute best solution to a problem

question

Bounded rationality

answer

describes making decisions within the contraints of limited information and alternatives.

question

Behavioral decision model

answer

describes decision making with limited information and bounded rationality

question

Satisficing decision

answer

chooses the first satisfactory alternative that comes to one's attention

question

Lack-of-participation error

answer

is failure to involve in a decision the person whose support is needed to implement it.

question

Heuristics

answer

are strategies for simplifying decision making

question

Availablity heuristic

answer

bases a decision on recent information or events

question

Representativeness heuristics

answer

bases a decision on similarity to other situations

question

Anchoring and adjustment heuristic

answer

bases a decision on incremental adjustments from a prior decision point.

question

Framing error

answer

is trying to solve a problem in the context in which is it perceived

question

Confirmation error

answer

Occurs when focusing only on information that confirms a decision already made.

question

Planning

answer

is the process of setting objectives and determining how to accomplish them

question

Objectives

answer

are specific results that one wishes to achieve

question

Plan

answer

is a statement of intended means for accomplishing objectives

question

Complacency trap

answer

is being carried along by the flow of events

question

Strategic plan

answer

identifies long-term directions for the organizations

question

Vision

answer

clarfies the purpose of the organization and expresses what it hopes to be in the future

question

Tactical plan

answer

helps to implement all or parts of a strategic plan

question

Functional plans

answer

indicate how different operations within the organizations will help advance the overall strategy

question

Operational plan

answer

identifies short-term activities to implement strategic plans

question

Policy

answer

is a standing plan that communicates broad guidlines for decisions and action

question

Procedure or rule

answer

precisely describes actions that are to be taken in specific situations

question

Budget

answer

is a plan that commits resources to projects or activites

question

Zero-based budget

answer

allocates resources as if each budget were brand new

question

Forecasting

answer

attempts to predict the future

question

Contingency planning

answer

identifies alternative courses of action to take when things go wrong

question

Scenario planning

answer

identifies alternative future scenarios and make plans to deal with each

question

Benchmarking

answer

uses external and internal comparisons to plan for future improvements

question

Best practices

answer

are things people and organizations do that lead to superior performance

question

Hierachy of goals or objectives

answer

lower-level objectives are means to accomplishing higher-level ones.

question

MBO

answer

is a process of a joint objective-setting between a superior and subordinate

question

Improvment objectives

answer

describe intentions for specific performance improvments

question

Personal development objectives

answer

describe intentions for personal growth through knowledge and skills development

question

Participatory planning

answer

includes the persons who will be affected by plans and/ or those who will implement them

question

Competitive advantage

answer

is the ability to do something so well that one outperforms competitors

question

Sustainable competitive advantage

answer

is the ability to outperform rivals in ways that are difficult or costly to imitate

question

Strategy

answer

is a comprehensive plan guiding resource allocation to achieve long-term orgranization goals.

question

Strategic intent

answer

focuses and applies organizational energies on a unifying and compelling goal

question

Corporate strategy

answer

sets long-term direction for the total enterprise

question

Business strategy

answer

identifies how a divisin or strategic business unit will compete in its product or service domain

question

Functional strategy

answer

guides activities within one specific area of operations

question

Strategic management

answer

is the process of formulating and implementing strategies

question

Strategic analysis

answer

is the process of anazlying the organization, the enviroment, and the organization's competitive position and current strategies

question

Strategy formulation

answer

is the process of crafting stragies to guide the allocation of resources

question

Strategy implementation

answer

is the process of putting strategies into action

question

Stakeholders

answer

are individuals and groups directly affected by the organization and its strategic accomplishments

question

Strategic constituencies analysis

answer

asseses interests of stakeholders and how well the organization is responding to them

question

Core values

answer

are broad beliefs about what is or is not appropriate behavior

question

Organizational culture

answer

is the predominant value system for the organzation as a whole

question

Operating objectives

answer

are specific results that organzations try to accomplish

question

SWOT analysis

answer

examines organizational strengths and weaknesses and enviromental opportunities and threats

question

Core competency

answer

is a special strength that gives and organzation a competitive advantage

question

B2C business strategy

answer

uses IT and Web portals to link businesses with customers

question

Portfolio planning

answer

approach seeks the best mix of investments among alternative buisness opportunites

question

BCG matrix

answer

analyzes business opportunites according to market growth rate and market share

question

Motivation

answer

accounts for the level, direction and persitence of effort expended at work

question

Lower-order needs

answer

are physiological, safety, and social needs in Maslow's hierachy

question

High-order needs

answer

are esteem and self-actualization needs in Maslow's hierachy

question

Exsitence needs

answer

are desires for physical well being

question

Relatedness needs

answer

are desires for good interpersonal relationships

question

Growth needs

answer

are desires for personal growth and development

question

Satifier factor

answer

is found in job content, such as a sense of achievment, recognition, or personal growth

question

Hygiene factor

answer

is found in the job context, such as working conditions, interpersonal relations, orgranizational policies and salary

question

Need for achievement

answer

is desire to do something better, to solve problems, or to master complex tasks

question

Need for power

answer

is the desire to control, influence, or be responsible for other people

question

Need for affiliation

answer

is the desire to establish and maintain good relations with people

question

Expextancy

answer

is a person's belief that working hard will result in high task performance

question

Instrumentatlity

answer

is a person's belief that various outcomes will occur as a result of task performance

question

Valence

answer

is the value a person assigns to workrelated outcomes

question

Self-efficacy

answer

is a person's belief that she or he is capable of performing a task

question

Law of effect

answer

states that behavior followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated; behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is not

question

Operant conditioning

answer

is the control of behavior bu manipulating its consequences

question

Positive reinforcement

answer

strengthens behavior by making a desirable consequences contingent on its occurence

question

Negative reinforcement

answer

strengthens behavior by making avoidance of an undesirable consequences contingent on its occurence

question

Punishment

answer

discourages behavior by making an unpleasant consequences contingent on its occurence

question

Extinction

answer

discourages behavior by making the removal of a desirable consequence contingent on its occurence

question

Shaping

answer

is positive reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behavior

question

Continuous reinforcement

answer

rewards each time a desired behavior occurs

question

Intermittent reinforcement

answer

rewards behavior only periodically

question

Job design

answer

is arranging work tasks for individuals and groups

question

Job simplification

answer

employs people in clearly defined and specialized tasks with narrow job scope

question

Automation

answer

is the total mechanization of a job

question

Job rotation

answer

increaes task variety by periodically shifting workers between different jobs

question

Job enlargement

answer

increases take variety by combing into one job two or more tasks previously done by seperate workers.

question

Job enrichment

answer

increases job depth by adding work planning and evaluating duties normally performed by the supervisor

question

Flexible working hours

answer

give employees some choice in daily work hours

question

compressed work week

answer

allowes a full time job to be completed in less than five days

question

Job sharing

answer

splits one job between two people

question

Telecommuting

answer

involves using IT to work at home or outside the office

question

Part-time work

answer

is temporary employment for less than the standard 40-hour work week

question

Contingency workers

answer

are employed on a part-time and temporary basis to supplement permanent workforce

Management 101 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards