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Settlement of the Last Frontier

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after Civil War Americans turned attention west, Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, Western Plateau, huge bison population was wiped out by 1900, were fenced in by homesteads and ranches, steel rails, new towns, ten new western states, Native Americans paid a huge price

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Great American Desert

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lands between Mississippi and the Pacific Coast, referred to by green valleys of Oregon and goldfields of California

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Mining Frontier

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discovery of gold in California caused flood west, Gold also found in Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, South Dakota, silver was also found

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Pike's Peak

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discovery of gold in Colorado in 1859 that brought nearly 100,000 miners to Colorado

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Comstock Lode

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discovery which produced over $340 million in gold and silver, responsible for Nevada entering the Union

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California Gold Rush

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1849 set the pattern for what happened elsewhere, individual prospectors would look for traces of gold in mountain streams, led way to deep-shaft mining that required expensive equipment

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Placer Mining

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using simple tools such as shovels and washing pans

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Boomtowns

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towns that became infamous for saloons, dance-hall girls, vigilante justice, theaters, churches, newspapers, schools, libraries, railroads, law enforcement, many became lonely ghost towns within their first few years, others became large commercial centers, like San Francisco, Sacramento, and Denver

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Immigrant Workers

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most industrial towns saw experienced miners from Europe, Latin America, and China working, 1/3 Chinese immigrants, native-born Americans resented the competition, Miner's Tax of $20 a month on foreign-born miners

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Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

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prohibited further immigration to the US by Chinese laborers, renewed ten years later, first major act of Congress to restrict immigration on the basis of race and nationality

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Effects of Mining

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stimulated economy of west, but had huge impact on America, vast increase in silver caused a crisis over the relative value of gold and silver backed currency, left environmental scars, had disastrous effect on Native Americans

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Cattle Frontier

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economic potential of open grasslands reached from Texas to Canada by cattlemen, cattle business was borrowed from Mexicans, after war Teas cattle business was easy to get into

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Vaqueros

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Mexican cowboys who raised and rounded up cattle in Texas

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Joseph G. McCoy

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realized huge profits to be made at the end of the line in Chicago where cattle could be sold per head, built the first stockyards to ship out cattle to Chicago

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Railroads

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linked together cities to ship cattle, built stockyards to shift cattle to Chicago, cowboys received a few dollars a day

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Chisholm/Goodnight-Loving

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trails out of Texas during the 1860s and 1870s

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End of Cattle Drives

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in the 1880s overgrazing destroyed the grass and a winter blizzard and drought, arrival of homesteaders and barbed wire cut of access to the formerly open range, developing huge ranches and using scientific ranching techniques, changed American eating habits o beef

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Homestead Act of 1862

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encouraged farming on the Great Plains by offering 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for a period five years

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Farming Frontier

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promise of free land induced hundreds of thousands of native-born families to attempt to farm the great planes, 500,000 families moved west

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Sodbusters

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settlers on the dry and treeless plains built homes out of sod bricks

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Problems of Frontier Life

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extremes of hot and cold weather, grasshoppers, lonesome life plagued life, scarce water, no wood, families didn't realize 160 acres wasn't good, severe weather led to falling prices of crops and cost of new machinery, dams and irrigation saved many farmers

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Joseph Glidden

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invented barbed wire, helped farmers fence in their lands on the lumber-scare plains

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Dry-Farming

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those who managed to survive adopted these techniques, use moisture available, learned to plant hardy strains of Russian wheat

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Oklahoma Territory

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opened for settlement in 1889, hundreds of homesteaders took last great land rush in West

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Frederick Jackson Turner

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responded to the 1890 ruling that the frontier had been eliminated, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

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Turner's Thesis

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argued that 300 years of frontier experience ha played a fundamental role in shaping the unique character of American society, frontier experience had fostered a habit of independence and individualism, acted as a powerful social leveler, broke down class distinctions and fostered social and political democracy, challenges of frontier life forced them to be inventive, would America be forsaken now frontier was gone?

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Pueblo Groups

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Hopi and Zuni, lived in permanent settlements as farmers raising corn and livestock

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Navajo/Apache

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Southwest peoples, nomadic hunter-gatherers who adapted a more settled-way of life

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Chinook/Shasta

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tribes in Pacific Northwest, developed complex communities based on abundant fish and game

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Great Plains Tribes

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Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Crow, Comanche, had become skillful horsemen and developed a way of life centered on the hunting of buffalo, lived in groups of 300-500

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Reservation Policy

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as settlers moved west, trails like the Oregon Trail proved Jackson's idea of moving the tribes west was impractical

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Fort Laramie/Fort Atkinson

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the federal government began to assign plains tribes large tracts of land with definite boundaries, tribes refused to restrict their movements to the reservations

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Indian Wars

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as thousands of miners, cattlemen, and homesteads moved west, war was inevitable, increasing treaties pledged Americans would stay off land, proved failure after gold was found

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Sand Creek

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1864 Colorado militia massacred an encampment of Cheyenne women

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Sioux War

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1866 tables were turned when an army column under William Fetterman was wiped out by Sioux warriors

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William Fetterman

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his army column was wiped out by Sioux warriors

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Red River War

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war against the Comanche

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Second Sioux War

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led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

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Little Big Horn

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destroyed Colonel George Custer's command in 1876

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Chief Joseph

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led a courageous effort to lead a band of Nez Perce into Canada, ended in defeat and surrender

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A Century of Dishonor

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1881 written by Helen Hunt Jackson, chronicled the injustices done to Native Americans, created sympathy for the Native Americans

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Carlisle School

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Pennsylvania, set up to segregate Native American children from their people and teach them white culture and farming and industrial skills

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Dawes Severalty Act

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1887 designed to break up tribal organizations which Americans believed kept them from being "civilized", divided tribal lands into plots of 160 acres or less, depending on family size, citizenship after 25 years on land, 47 million acres was distributed, 90 million acres were sold, new policy was a failure, disease and poverty reduced population drastically

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Ghost Dance Movement

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Native Americans' last efforts to resist US domination, drive whites from their ancestral lands, Sitting Bull was killed in the government's campaign to suppress movement

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Massacre at Wounded Knee

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December 1890 200 Native Americans were gunned down by the US army in the Dakotas, marked the end of the Indian Wars

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Indian Reorganization Act

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1934 Indian New Deal, promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture

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Henry Grady

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spread the idea of the New South, editor of the Atlanta Constitution

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New South

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argued for economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism, tax exemptions to attract investors in new industries, cheap labor was an incentive

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Economic Progress

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Birmingham grew into leading steel center, Memphis prospered as lumber, Richmond became tobacco capital, cheaper labor rates in Georgia, NC, SC, railroads boosted emerge of New South, integrated railway was established by 1890

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Continued Poverty

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South remained largely agricultural, Northern investors controlled capital and railroads, workers earned half of the national average and worked more hours, resulted from South's late start at industrialization, poorly educated workforce, only small number of citizens had skills, didn't invest in technical schools, etc.

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Agriculture

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South remained tied to cotton, increased productivity led to declining cotton prices, per capita income decreased, many of the regions' farmers were tenant farmers, strained to make a living, shortage of credit forced them to borrow supplies

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Crop Liens

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mortgages on crops to be paid at harvest

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George Washington Carver

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African-American scientist at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, promoted growing of crops like peanuts, sweet potatoes, soybeans

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Farmers' Southern Alliance

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one million members, resulted from the poverty and debt and discontent from bad harvests

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Colored Farmers' National Alliance

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250,000 members, separate section of larger alliance, many problems, organized political reforms to solve farmers' economic problems

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Redeemers

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won support from business community and white supremacists, used race as a rallying cry to deflect attention away from real concerns of working poor, could gain political power by playing on racial fears of whites

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Civil Rights Cases

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1883 Court ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens, which included railroads, hotels, other businesses

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Plessy v. Ferguson

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Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law requiring "separate but equal accomodations" for white and black passengers on railroads, wave of segregation laws ensued

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Jim Crow Laws

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segregation laws, required segregated washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, other facilities

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Loss of Voting Rights

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disenfranchisement of blacks, various political and legal devices invented to prevent southern blacks from voting, literacy tests, poll taxes, white-only primaries, Supreme Court upheld these policies

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Grandfather Clauses

answer

allowed a man to vote only if his grandfather had cast ballots in elections before Reconstruction

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Loss of Civil Rights

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African-Americans barred from serving on juries, given stiffer penalties for crimes than whites were, lynchings, economic discrimination, etc.

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International Migration Society

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formed by Henry Turner in 1894 to help American blacks emigrate to Africa

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Bishop Henry Turner

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formed International Migration Society

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Ida B. Wells

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editor of Free Speech, devoted her efforts to campaigning against lynching and Jim Crow laws, death threats forced her to move to the North

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Booker T. Washington

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graduated from the Hampton Institute, former slave, established the Tuskegee Institute, wanted to teach southern African-Americans skilled trades, the virtues of hard work and moderation, earning money was a ballot cast

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Tuskegee Institute

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the largest and best-known industrial school in the nation, founded by Booker T. Washington

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National Negro Business League

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established by Booker T., established 320 chapters across the country to support businesses owned and operated by African-Americans

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Atlanta Compromise

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speech delivered by Booker T. Washington, argued the agitations of social equality is "folly", criticized by many to be a sellout to segregation and discrimination

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Changes in Agriculture

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farming became increasingly commercialized, Northern farmers concentrated on raising single cash crops, people bought food from markets and manufactured goods from mail-order catalog, became more dependent on large and expensive machines

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Falling Prices

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increased American production as well as global competition drove prices down for wheat, deflation arose from static money supply, lower prices, predictable results of vicious circle of debts, etc.

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Rising Costs

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industrial corporations raised prices as result of monopolistic trusts, middlemen took their cut, railroads charged discriminatory rates, etc.

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National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry

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organized in 1868 by Oliver H. Kelley, used as a social educational organization for farmers and families, had organized economic ventures and took political action to defend members against railroads, etc., greatest strength was Midwest, farmers took on storage fees and freight rates, lobbied state legislatures to pass laws regulating the rates charged by railroads and elevators

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Cooperatives

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businesses owned and run by farmers to save the costs charged by middlemen

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Granger Laws

answer

made it illegal for railroads to fix prices by means of pools and to give rebates to privileged customers, lobbied legislatures to pass laws regulating the rates charged by elevators and railroads

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Munn v. Illinois

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Supreme Court upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads

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Wabash v. Illinois

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individual states could not regulate interstate commerce, court's decision nullified many of the state regulations achieved by the Grangers

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Interstate Commerce Act of 1886

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regulated railroad rates to be "reasonable and just", set up the ICC

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Interstate Commerce Commission

answer

had the power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, other discriminator practices, first US regulatory commission helped railroads more than farmers, found it useful in helping stabilize rates and destructive competition

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Farmers' Alliances

answer

discontent was on the rise as crop prices fell to new lows, 1 million farmers had joined them, separate alliances for separate needs, etc., serious potential for turning into an independent political party

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Ocala Platform

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meeting of the National Alliance, direct election of US senators, lower tariff rates, graduated income tax, new banking system regulated by the federal government, demanded Treasury notes and silver used to increase amount of money for inflation, proposed federal storage for crops, reform ideas would become part of the Populist movement

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National Alliance

answer

Late-nineteenth century groups that worked to improve the condition of farmers in the West and the South

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National Alliance

answer

Late-nineteenth century groups that worked to improve the condition of farmers in the West and the South

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National Alliance

answer

Late-nineteenth century groups that worked to improve the condition of farmers in the West and the South

AP US History Chapter 16: The Last West and the New South 1865-1900 – Flashcards

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