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annexation

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legally adding land area to a city in the United States

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census

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a complete enumeration of a population

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census tract

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ab area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urban areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods

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central business district

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the area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered

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city

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an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit

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combined statistical area (CSA)

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In the United States, two or more contiguous core based statistical areas ted together by commuting patterns

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concentric zone model

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a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings

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core based statistical areas (CBSA)

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in the US, the combination of all metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas

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metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

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in the US, an urbanized area of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city

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micropolitan statistical area

answer

an urbanized area of between 20,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city

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council of government

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a cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitan area in the United States

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density gradient

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the change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery

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edge city

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a large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area

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filtering

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a process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment

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food desert

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an area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain

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galactic city

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mini edge city that is connected to another city by beltways or highways

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gentrification

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a process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class, owner-occupied area

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greenbelt

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a ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area

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megalopolis

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a continuous urban complex in the northeastern United States

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metropolitan area

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a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing

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multiple nuclei model

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a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities

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peripheral model

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a model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road

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primary census statistical area (PCSA)

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in the US, all of the combined statistical areas plus all of the remaining metropolitan statistical areas and metropolitan statistical areas

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public housing

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housing owned by the government, in the US, it is rented to residents with low incomes, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the family's incomes

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redlining

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a process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property withing the boundaries

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renovated housing

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housing maintained as result of the alternative to demolishing houses

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rush hour

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the four consecutive 15-minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic

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sector model

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a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district

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smart growth

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legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve famrland

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social area analysis

answer

statistical analysis used to o identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area

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sprawl

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the progressive spreasd of development over the landscape; new housing sites will often locate in areas of relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area

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squatter settlement

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an area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures

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suburbanization

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the increasing growth of suburban areas on the edges of cities (one of the causes of sprawl)

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underclass

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a group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics

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urban area

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a dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs with the core

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urban cluster

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in the US, an urban area with between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants

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urbanized area

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in the US, an urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants

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zoning ordinance

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a law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community

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describe three types of services found in a CBD

answer

- public services - business services - consumer services

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explain the three-dimensional nature of a CBD

answer

because of competition for land and transportation costs and efficiency, many CBDs effectively cover three dimensions: ground level, skyscrapers, and vast underground networks

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models of urban areas

answer

CONCENTRIC ZONE: different areas emitted as rings from the central business district SECTOR: different areas and zones radiating from the CBD MULTIPLE NUCLEI: zones emitted from different nodes of activity in the city

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how do the three models explain where people live?

answer

People choose where to live or cluster in a city based on many factors. The concentric zone model is based on citizen's needs for proximity to the CBD. The sector model reflects different social and cultural values clustered in different areas. The multiple nuclei model explains how people cluster around nodes of economic activity based on occupation.

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how do the three models explain patterns in European cities?

answer

There are still sectors and concentric zones in European cities. Unlike North American cities, wealthier people will tend to stay near the center of the city (sector model). Also, while in the US new construction is usually in the CBD for wealthier people, major development in European cities is usually the construction of high-rise apartments in the suburbs for low-income or colored people who have immigrated from Africa or Asia.

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the three models in developing countries

answer

SECTORS: wealthier people push out from the center in a well-defined elite residential sector, forcing lower-class people to live outside of the area. CONCENTRIC ZONES: cities in developing countries have zones of the most intensive land uses and highest land values toward the center or along the commercial spine

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history of development in cities of LDCs

answer

developing countries usually follow a series of stages in historic development: PRECOLONIAL: most people in developing countries lived in relatively rural areas before European settlement occurred, though some, like the Aztecs, built large, complicated cities COLONIAL: colonial cities usually followed standardized plans and so were very similar to one another SINCE INDEPENDENCE: because so many people have migrated in search of work, cities have changed drastically based on needs and cultural implementations

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three definitions of urban settlements

answer

- a city is a legal entity - an urban area is a continuously built-up area - a metropolitan area is a functional area

question

explain how metropolitan areas contain many local governments and overlap with each other

answer

a county between two central cities may send a large number of commuters to jobs in each; such as in the northeast US, metropolitan areas may be so numerous that their zones overlap, creating a vast network of cities and roads and service systems

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historical and contemporary patterns of suburban expansion

answer

though formerly most expansion occurred in urban areas, suburbs rapidly expand today as a result of people wanting largest tracts of land to live in

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two ways suburbs are segregated

answer

- segregated social classes - segregated land uses

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impact of motor vehicles in urban areas

answer

more than 95 percent of all trips in America are made by cars, and therefore the availability of roads and parking lots is essential to central business districts

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benefits and limitations of public transportation

answer

BENEFITS: rapid transportation, capacity for many people, lower prices (as opposed to gas prices and cars), less polluting, and more energy efficient LIMITATIONS: lack of privacy and flexibility of schedule offered by cars

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recent improvements in vehicles

answer

Recent improvements in car technology include new technologies such as diesel, hybrid, ethanol, electric, plug-in hybrid, and hydrogen fuel cell engines.

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deterioration and gentrification

answer

In some areas, residences will begin as upper-class and wealthy and slowly fall into a state of abandonment (filtering). This is opposed by gentrification, in which regions begin as the hubs of low-income people and later are renovated for middle-class and wealthy residents.

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problems of a permanent underclass and culture of poverty in cities

answer

The underclass suffers from relatively high rates of unemployment, alcoholism, drug addiction, illiteracy, juvenile delinquency, and crime, all of which cause problems to the infrastructure of cities.

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difficulties cities face in paying for services

answer

Low-income inner-city residents require public services, but they can pay very little of the taxes necessary to support those services.

AP Geography – Chapter 13 – Flashcards

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