History 101 FINAL EXAM – Flashcards
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What was Mesopotamia?
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described as the land between the Tigris-Euphrates rivers that the Sumerians developed
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Sargon I
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established the world's first empire
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Hammurabi
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Babylonian king responsible for developing a code of laws
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Gilgamesh
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king who searched for power and immortality
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Epic of Gilgamesh
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an important primary source from the Sumerian civilization.
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Who were the three kings known for unifying the Hebrews?
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Saul, David and Solomon
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During which kings reign did Israel reach its maximum power?
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Solomon's reign
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Who had the largest empire in ancient times and who led that empire?
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The Persians under Cyrus
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Who was Cyrus?
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Benevolent, diplomatic king
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What is Zoroastrianism?
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Developed in Persia and was based on ethical ideas and the struggle between good and evil
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Mandate of Heaven
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Introduced during the Zhou dynasty; explained the cycle of kings losing power and new dynasties emerging
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What did Mencius say about the Mandate of Heaven?
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People had the right to rebel against rulers who lost the mandate
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Confucianism
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focused on man's behavior and ways to improve society
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Daoism
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the Way and advocated a passive citizen
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Legalism
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strict philosophy that supported an authoritarian chinese ruler like Qin
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Wu Ti
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chinese emperor who consolidated the most power in the East during the Han dynasty
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Himalayan Mts.
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divided india from Asia
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Where did the Aryans come from?
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came into Indian peninsula through Khyber pass
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How did the Aryans influence the Indian People?
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influenced religious and social character of the Indian people.
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Who founded Indias first empire?
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Chandragupta Maurya
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Describe Ashoka and his reign
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Ruler who converted to Buddhism and his reign was marked by peace and toleration
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What did Buddha or Prince Gautama define?
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defined the Middle Way to human happiness and taught the way to achieve nirvana or a release from suffering
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Name two epic Indian poems
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Mahabharata and Ramayana
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What did the two epic Indian poems reveal?
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revealed much about the civilization which was established along the Indus river
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Describe the Iliad and Odyssey
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recorded the Trojan War; demonstrates Homer's attempts during the Dark Age to revive the Greek spirit
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Ostracism
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Introduced by Cleisthenes; a way to banish opponents of democracy
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Hippocrates
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father of medicine
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Herodotus
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father of history
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Sparta
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developed into a military state according to the system proposed by Lycurgus
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How was Philip of Macedonia able to conquer Greece easily?
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Sparta won the civil war (Peloponnesian War) with Athens, but all of Greece was weakened
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Alexander the Great
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Philips son; went on to conquer the Persian empire, Egypt and parts of India; wanted to unite the empire and blend the cultures
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Hellenistic Age
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developed and helped spread Greek culture throughout the East
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Where was Rome built and how was its location important?
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Built on the banks of the Tiber river and due to its location in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, trade became very important
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Etruscans
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controlled Latin tribes until 500 B.C.; taught Latins how to drain marshes, build arches and fight
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What is the fasces symbol?
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used by Etruscan kings; was an ax bound by a bundle of rods
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Who were the patricians and plebeians?
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Patricians were the upper class who controlled the republic; Plebeians were the lower class
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Hannibal
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a Carthaginian general who almost defeated Rome but Rome was very skilled and won all three Punic Wars
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What did the Gracchi brother try to do? and what was the result?
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tried to reform the Senate; they were both murdered
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Describe Christianity in the first century
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arose during the first century and would eventually spread throughout the Mediterranean and Roman empire due to the efforts of St. Paul
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Who overthrew the last Roman emporer in the West?
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Odovacar
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What was Justinian?
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One of the most famous Byzantine empires known for rebuilding Constantinople after massive earthquakes; publication of the legal Code of Justinian, and the building of Hagia Sophia, a cathedral
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To what religion did Prince Vladamir of Russia convert his people to?
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Orthodox Christianity
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What did Ivan the Great do?
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he was able to centralize his authority over the Muscovite princes and took the title of tsar; began building a modern Russian state
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Where did Islam develop?
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developed on Arabian peninsula
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What is Jihad?
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refers to the military force that was applied to conversion and conquest within Islam
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What were the Five Pillars of Faith?
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prayer, giving to the poor (alms), pilgrimage to mecca, fasting, and the recitation of the Islamic belief in Allah
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Where did most education during the middle ages take place?
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monasteries
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What was Charlemagne known for?
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conquest and efforts to establish political unity with an efficient government organization.
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What was feudalism?
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a decentralized government structure whereby a vassal swore loyalty and homage to a lord.
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What was investiture?
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involved a lord promising land to a vassal in return for his promise to fight
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What is a fief?
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land given to vassals by a lord
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What is manorialism?
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referred to the economic self-sufficiency of the manor
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What English king was known for establishing "common law?"
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Henry II
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What was one of Magna Carta's major principles?
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no man is above the law
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Who found the principality of Kiev?
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Scandanavian Vikings
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What is heresy?
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the belief in doctorines offically condemned by the church
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goal of the crusades
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recapture holy land from the Muslims
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movtives for the crusades
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religious fervor, allowing the pope to assume leadership in liberating the Holy Land and the desire for military adventures
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impact of the crusades
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major impact was a revival of cities
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how was the black death spread?
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by black rats that were infested with fleas
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What is a flagellant?
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christian fanatics who beat themselves during the black death
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where in italy did the Italian renaissance begin
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northern cities of italy
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What italian family controlled banking and politics?
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the Medici family
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who were the great triad of painters of the renaissance?
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Michelangelo, DaVinci and Raphael
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What was the Great Schism?
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period between 1377 and 1417; time when two and sometimes three rival popes
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What did the humanists from the renaissance period introduce?
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reintroduced classical literature from Roman and Greek civilizations to the Western world
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Who helped spread Islam through parts of India?
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Mahmud of Ghanzi
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Which dynasty is traditionally associated with indias golden age?
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Gupta dynasty
