world history chapter 19 – Flashcards
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analyze why life changed as the industrial spread
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-worked with handmade tools -made own clothes -grew own food -villages started to grow into towns and cities -those who lived in towns and cities bought their clothes and food
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summarize how an agricultural revolution led to the growth of industry
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-farming methods improved -population multiples -enclosure increases output but causes migration
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outline the new technologies that helped trigger the industrial revolution
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-coal -steam engine -iron -smelt iron
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understand why Britain was the starting point for the industrial revolution
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-had plentiful natural resources such as natural ports and navigable rivers -trade from a growing overseas empire -stable government that supported economic growth -didn't have river rolls and other barriers -strong navy
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describe the changes that transformed the textile industry
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-cottage industry -flying shuttle -spinning jenny -water frame -cotton gin -powered by steam engines
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explain the significance of the transportation revolution
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-canals boom -steam locomotive made the growths of railroads possible -tracks could go anywhere and could transfer more things at one time
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explain what caused urbanization and what life was like in the new industrial cities
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-industrial revolution caused urbanization -more people moved to cities -some farmers went homeless and jobless
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understand how the factory system and mines changed the way people worked
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-worked in bad conditions -long hours -children started working at age 7 or 8 or even sometimes 5 -couldn't see because of the dust -children crawled under machinery to repair broken threads
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analyze that benefits and challenges of industrialization
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benefits -goods grew -factories opened -more jobs -wages rose challenges -pay was low -terrible working conditions -dismal housing
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understand the laissez-faire economics and the beliefs of those who supported it
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-malthus believed that natural laws govern the world of economics -smith was popular and most middle class capitalists agreed with him -ricardo saw no hope for working class to escape poverty
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describe the doctrine of utilitarianism
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-the idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number of citizens" and that this should be the basis for judging all laws -Bentham believed there should be some government intervention in the economy -Mill believed that power should be exercised over someone to prevent the harm to others
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summarize the theories of socialism
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-set up communities where work was shared and property was commonly owned -Owen set up a Utopian community to show that mill owners could make a decent profit -Marx condemned Utopians as unrealistic dreamers
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explain Marx's views on the working class and the response to Marxism
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-said that modern class struggle pitted the bourgeoise against the proletariat -predicted that proletariat would take control of the means of production -thought a communist society would end the struggles of equal wealth and power -at first, Marx gained popularity
