World History final exam notes – Flashcards
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Ch. 17
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Johan Gutenburg
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invented the printing press
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Martin Luther
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German theologian who led the Reformation
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Ignatius Loyola
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Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.
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Jesuits
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Members of the Society of Jesus, staunch Catholics. Led by Loyola.
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Indulgence
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an inability to resist the gratification of whims and desires
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Excommunication
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the state of being excommunicated
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Printing Press
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invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for war declarations, battle accounts, treaties, propaganda; laid basis for formation of distinct political parties; enhanced literacy, people sought books on all subjects
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Reformation (Protestant)
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movement that wished to change or restructure the Catholic Church. Persons who objected to the excesses and corruption in the Roman Catholic Church
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Counter Reformation (Catholic)
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reaffrimed all traditional catholic doctrine with Protestants.
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Council of Trent
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an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Reformation
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Ch. 19
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Bartolomeu Dias
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Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428)
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Vasco da Gama
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Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428)
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Zheng He
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An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. (pp. 355, 422)
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Daimyo
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a japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai
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Caravel
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A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. (p. 427)
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Lateen Sail
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a triangular fore-and-aft sail used especially in the Mediterranean
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.
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Ming Dynasty
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the imperial dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644
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Qing Dynasty
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the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries
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Tokugawa Shogunate
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Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences
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Ch. 20
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Christopher Columbus
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Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China in 1492 (1451-1506)
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Hernado Cortes
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Spanish conquistador of the 1500's who led the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec empire.
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain
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Montezuma
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Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors
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Atahualpa
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Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish
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Oloudah Equiano
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Age of Reason. 18th Century. Slave Narrative. The Narrative of Equiano
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Conquistador
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an adventurer (especially one who led the Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century)
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Mestizo
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a person of mixed spanish and native american ancestry
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Encomienda
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A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it
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Capitalism
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an economic system based on private ownership of capital
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Joint-Stock Company
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A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts
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Mercantilism
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an economic system to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests
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Jamestown
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a former village on the James River in Virginia north of Norfolk
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French & Indian War
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Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.
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Columbian Exchange
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The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
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Ch. 21
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Cardinal Richelieu
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French prelate and statesman
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Louis XIV
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king of France from 1643 to 1715
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Peter the Great
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czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government
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Absolute Monarch
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ruler with complete control over the government and the lives of the people
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Divine Right of Kings
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the belief that the authority of kings comes directly from God
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Mercantilism
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an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests
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Habeas Corpus
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the civil right to obtain a writ of habeas corpus as protection against illegal imprisonment
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Spanish Armada
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the great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588
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Edict of Nantes
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1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.
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Versailles
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a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles
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English Civil War
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civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I
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Ch. 22
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)
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Galileo Galilei
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Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars
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Isaac Newton
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English mathematician and physicist
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Thomas Hobbes
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English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)
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John Locke
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English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)
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Thomas Jefferson
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3rd President of the United States
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Geocentric/Heliocentric
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Heliocentric means "sun-centered", or the current way astronomers look at our solar system. the sun at the center and all the the other planets encircling it. Geocentric means "earth-centered", or the astrological or pre-Copernicus view of our solar system. the Earth at the center and the Sun, Moon, and planets encircling it.
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Philosophe
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Member of a group of Enlightenment thinkers who tried to apply the methods of science to the improvement of society
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Enlightened Despot
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Absolute ruler who used his or her power to bring about political and social change
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Checks & Balances
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A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
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Scientific Method
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a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses
