AICE European History ALL VOCABULARY – Flashcards
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Assignats
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Paper currency, the French churches were used as collateral -the first French paper currency issued by the General Assembly.
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Bastille
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Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.
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Bourgeoisie
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Comfortable members of the 3rd estate. Basically middle class, wanted the privileges of the nobility and upper clergy.
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Revolutionary Calendar
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Created by the National Convention, it established after the French Revolution -day one was the first day of the French Republic
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Committee of Public Safety
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Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.
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Conspiracy of Equals
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Led by "Gracchus" Babeuf an attempt to renew violent rebellion after the Thermidore reaction,-communistic in nature.
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Consulate
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Form of government which followed the directory -established by Napoleon-ended when Napoleon was crowned emperor.
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National Convention
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The third estate of the Estates General -broke from the Estates because they wanted the Estates to sit as a committee and not as segregated groups.
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Danton
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Led the Mountains with Robespierre-also executed with Robespierre.
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David
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Napoleon's painter-painted the famous portrait of Napoleon's coronation.
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Declaration of the Rights of Man
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Written by the National Convention -declared all men could do anything as long as it did not harm others.
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Directory
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Group of five men who served as liaisons between Robespierre and the Assembly. Overthrown by Napoleon.
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Encyclopedie
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Collection of works compiled during the Enlightenment -explained many aspects of society.
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Estates General
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Not called since 1614-finally called by Louis XVI at the advice of his financial minister-demanded control over the King's finances -he refused and dismissed them-sat as three segregated groups.
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Gabelle
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Tax on salt during pre-revolutionary France-included in the Estate's list of grievances.
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Girondists
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One of the two halves of the divided National Convention. More moderate than the opposing Mountains, led by Robespierre, they represented the countryside.
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Great Fear
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Followed the storming of the Bastille-people were scared of outlaws and reprisals-fanned flames of rebellion.
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Guillotine
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Fast and relatively humane-used for mass executions.
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Intendants
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Created by Napoleon-kept watch over their own area of France -allowed Napoleon not to have to worry about petty problems. Two main functions: enforce royal orders and weaken the power of the regional nobility.
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Levee en Masse
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Law that obligated all French men between certain ages to enlist in the army.
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Louis XVI
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King of France-executed for treason by the National Convention in 1793-absolute monarch-husband of Marie Antoinette.
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Marie Antoinette
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Louis XVI's wife and sister of Leopold of Austria - executed.
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Robespierre
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A very radical Jacobin and member of the National Assembly-led the Mountains-began and led the Committee of Public Safety-began the Reign of Terror. He was executed in 1794 during the Thermidoean Reaction.
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Sans-culottes
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(without breeches) Petty laborers and laboring poor who were not part of the National Convention - wore pants, not knee breeches-became a major political group in revolutionary France.
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Tennis Court Oaths
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Taken by the National Assembly-stated that they would not disband until they had made a new constitution. Met here because they were unable to go to their meeting place.
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First Estate
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Clergy. Less than 1% of the population
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Second Estate
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Nobility. Roughly 2% of the population.
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Third Estate
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Artisans etc. Everyone not in the First or Second Estate.
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Thermidorean Reaction
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A reaction against the violence of the Reign of Terror. Robespierre was executed.
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Ancien Regime
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The old order before the Revolution in France
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Regicide
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The killing of the king
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Versailles
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Site of palace outside Paris. Women marched there to demand action from Louis XVI.
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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English feminist author who wrote Vindication of the Rights of Man and A Vindication of the Rights of Women.
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Berlin Decree
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1806-issued by Napoleon, instituted the Continental System, in the response to British blockade of commercial ports under French control.
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Joseph Bonaparte
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Napoleon's brother, made king of Spain but unable to control the Spanish which led to the costly Peninsula War.
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Confederation of the Rhine
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League of German States organized by Napoleon in 1813 after defeating the Austrians at Austerlitz. The league collapsed after Napoleon's defeat in Russia.
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Continental System
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(1806-12)French economic plan to cripple Britain. Russia's refusal to conform led to the Russian campaign.
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The Grand Army
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Combined French armies under Napoleon. Virtually destroyed during Napoleon's ill-fated Russian campaign.
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Louis XVIII
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(1814-24) tried to issue a Constitutional Charter which accepted many revolutionary changes and guaranteed civil liberties
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Napoleonic Code
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Passed by Napoleon. Took away many of the rights gained by women, aimed at reestablishing the "family monarchy". Modified after Napoleon's defeat.
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Peninsula War
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France was forced to invade Spain after the failure of Joseph Bonaparte. Very costly for Napoleon. The Duke of Wellington helped the Spanish.
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Plebiscite
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A vote of the people.
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Rosetta Stone
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Found by one of Napoleon's officers during the Egyptian campaign. Allowed people to decipher hieroglyphics.
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Talleyrand
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French representative at the Congress of Vienna and limited the demands of other countries upon the French.
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Saint Helena
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South Atlantic island. Napoleon's final home after the Battle of Waterloo.
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Trafalgar
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(October 1805) Britain's Admiral Nelson destroyed the combined French and Spanish navies. Nelson was killed but invasion of Britain now became impossible.
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Metternich
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Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of liberal nationalism throughout Europe.
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Castlereagh
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British representative at Congress of Vienna.
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The Hundred Days
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The time from Napoleon's return from exile on Elba to defeat at Waterloo.
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Sir Richard Arkwright
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Invented water frame at almost the same time as the spinning jenny was invented.
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Jeremy Bentham
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Believed that public problems should dealt with on a rational scientific basis. Believed in the idea of the greatest good for the greatest number. Wrote, Principles of Morals and Legislation.
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Edmund Cartwright
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Inventor of the modern power loom.
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Chartism
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Agitation against poor laws-working class discontent.
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Combination Acts
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1799 and 1800-made trade unionism illegal.
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The Communist Manifesto
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Pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels-basis of Socialism.
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Corn Laws
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1815 tariff on imported grain to protect domestic producers. Never worked well.
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Henry Cort
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Refined pig iron-puddling furnace-heavy rolling mills
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Benjamin Disraeli
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British Conservative-extended vote to all middle class male workers, needed to broaden aristocratic voter base.
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Friedrich Engels
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Condition of Working Class in England- society's problems caused by capitalism and competition. Colleague of Karl Marx.
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Factory Act 1833
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Created factory workday for children between 9-13 to 8 hours a day. Not applicable to home. Outlawed child labor under 9-factory owners establish schools. Destroyed family unit.
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Charles Fourier
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French social theorist-criticized capitalism-wanted socialist utopia and emancipation of women. Theory of Four Movements.
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James Hargreaves
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About 1705 invented spinning jenny
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Industrialization
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New inventions, cotton and iron-changed small businesses beyond all recognition.
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John Kay
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Inventor of flying shuttle, (1733).
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Laissez-faire capitalism
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Minimal governmental interference in the economic affairs. Adam Smith and Francois Quesnay.
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Karl Marx
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German - father of socialism-emancipation of women-Communist Manifesto.
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Thomas Newcomen
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1705 invented steam engine that used coal, very inefficient.
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Robert Owen
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Scottish spoke out about hiring children. Created mills in New Harmony.
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Henry Palmerston
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Hawkish English Foreign Minister during revolutions of 1848.
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A People's Charter
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Draft of reform Bill which called for universal suffrage payment of members of Parliament and annual elections-6 main points.
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Poor Law
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1834, Gave some aid to the poor, but not very helpful against unemployment. Very favorable to employers.
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First Reform Bill
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1832, Modified the old political system by easing voting qualifications (but still not easy to qualify!). Abolished some smaller boroughs.
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Second Reform Bill
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1867, Conservatives and Liberals trying to gain votes. Disraeli's Conservatives extended the vote to almost 1 million more voters.
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Tory
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Political party in Britain controlled by aristocracy.
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Utopian Socialism
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Ideal society based on socialist ideals-Louis Blanc and Charles Fourier
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James Watt
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Added a condenser to Newcomen's steam engine to make it more efficient. Led to steam becoming a viable source of power.
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Whig
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British party more responsive to commercial and manufacturing interests.
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Alexander II
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(r.1855-81)Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.
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Ausgleich, 1867
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Refers to the compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary.
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"Blood and iron"
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Refers to Prussian tactics brought about by Otto von Bismarck; his unification of Germany was through a policy of "blood and iron".
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Bundesrat
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The federal council of Austrian government.
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Count Camillo Cavour
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Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class. Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria. Worked to unite Italy.
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Carbonari
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A secret society; designated to overthrow Bonapartist rulers; they were liberal patriots.
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Carlsbad Decrees
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1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Metternich.
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Constitutional monarchy
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Monarch rules with limitations by the constitution; written or unwritten.
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Ems Dispatch
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A message from William I of Prussia to Napoleon III which brought France into the Franco Prussian war.
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Franco-Prussian War
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1870-71, war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor.
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Frankfurt Assembly
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1807-82; personified the romantic revolutionary nationalism. Attempted to unify Germany.
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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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(1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily.
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Louis Kossuth
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Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848.
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Leopold II
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1865-1909; King of Belgium, sent Henry Stanley to Africa.
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Liberalism
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The base ideas of liberty and equality.
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Giuseppe Mazzini
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Italy idealistic patriot; preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people.
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Nationalism
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Pride in one's nation, group, or traditions; a desire for independence.
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Napoleon III
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Original Napoleon's nephew; consolidated conservative government and the ideals of nationalism.
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Panslavism
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A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.
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Pogroms
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Persecution of minorities, especially the Jews in Russia.
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Realpolitik
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Political theory, advocated by Bismarck, that national success justifies any means possible. Very Machiavellian.
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Red Shirts
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Volunteers in Garibaldi's army
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Reichstag
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Popularly elected parliament in Germany. Very little power.
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Russification
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Policy imposing Russian customs and traditions on other people.
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Syllabus of Errors
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1864. Pope Pius IX denounced rationalism, socialism, and separation of church and state.
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Treaty of Frankfurt
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The end of the Franco-Prussian War. Alsace and Lorraine given to Germany.
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Otto von Bismarck
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(1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule.
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Zemstvos
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Local assemblies in Russia.
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Zollverein
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Economic custom union of German states, founded in 1834 by Prussia. Eliminated internal tariffs.
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Risorgimento
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Italian period of history from 1815 to1850.
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Grossdeutsch
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Great German Party at the Frankfurt Assembly. "Big Germans".
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Kleindeutsch
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Little German Party at the Frankfurt Assembly. "Little Germans".
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Volksgeist
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Idea created by J.G. Herder to identify the national character of Germany, but soon passed to other countries.
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Algeciras Conference
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Conference provoked Germany backfired on Germany over the issues of the Morocco crisis.
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Imperialism
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One who dominates the political, social, and economic life of another.
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Belgian Congo
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exploited by Leopold II at Belgium under the Berlin Act, Leopold was supposed to act as a trustee. He violated the agreement and stripped the country of its resources.
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Boer War
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English vs. Dutch settlers in South Africa. England won 1899-02, showed that English tactics were no good.
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East India Company
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Dutch trading company worried about colonizing the world.
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Congress of Berlin
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(1878) Assembly of representatives from Germany, Russia, Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. Meeting was to reorganize the countries of the Balkans - led to greater nationalism.
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Berlin Conference
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(1885) Meeting in Berlin, called by Bismarck to regulate European colonization of Africa - led to the scramble for Africa.
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Fashoda Incident
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Conflict in Africa between France and Britain.
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Cecil Rhodes
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Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.
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Protectorate
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Relationship between 2 states in which the understood to be stronger state guarantees to protect the weaker state from external aggression in return for full or partial control of its domestic and foreign affairs.
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Sphere of Influence
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In international politics, the claim by a state to exclusive or predominant control over a foreign area or territory.
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The White Man's Burden
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1899, Rudyard Kipling's poem, "The White Man's Burden," critical about imperialism. saw the world as Eurocentric and criticized the "white man's" need to westernize other cultures.
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Heart of Darkness
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Joseph Conrad, 1902. The story reflects the physical and psychological shock Conrad himself experienced in 1890, when he worked briefly in the Belgian Congo.
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Balkan Wars
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Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria took Macedonia from the Ottomans in 1912. Serbia then fought Bulgaria in the second Balkan War in 1913 Austria intervened to stop the war. These wars were mostly territorial and were a precursor to World War I.
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Berlin Conference, 1885
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Laid down the rules for the conquest of Africa: 1) European countries holding a coast inland. 2) Occupation must be with real troops 3) Must give notice of which countries were occupied. 4) Started the scramble for Africa.
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Black Hand
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Ultra Nationalist, Serbian Society founded in 1911. Secretly supported by members of the Serbian government.
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Conscription
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Forced recruitment of civilians into the army to meet the needs of war.
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Charles I (1887-1922)
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Last Austrian Emperor abdicated Nov. 1918. The next day Austria was declared a Republic as was Hungary
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Entente Cordiale
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(1904) Britain gained control of Egypt. France gained control of Morocco. But not a written alliance only and agreement. Basically against Germany.
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, started World War I.
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Isolationism
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Not becoming involved in global or regional events.
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Joseph Joffre
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French general led the French at the Battle of the Marne in 1914.
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Kaiser William II
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Germany. Dismissed Bismarck in 1890. Did not renew Bismarck's treaty with Russia and "Forced" Russia to look for another ally, France.
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Kruger Telegram
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1896, William II sent Kruger of the Transvaal a congratulatory telegram upon hearing of the failure of the Jamison Raid. Alerted Britain of the dangers from Germany.
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V. I. Lenin
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Believed in Marxist Socialism: 1) Believed capitalism must be destroyed. 2) A social revolution was possible in backward Russia. 3) The need for highly trained workers partly controlled by revolutionaries like himself.
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League of Nations
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Allies worked out terms for peace with Germany, 1919, precursor to the United Nations.
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Lusitania
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Sunk in 1915 by a German submarine. 139 American killed. Forced Germany to stop submarine warfare.
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Battle of the Marne
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A major French victory against the invading German army at the start of WWI. In reality lost Germany the war.
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Morocco Crisis, 1911
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After the French received Morocco, Germany demanded an international conference- German bullying forced England and France closer. Germany gained nothing.
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Nicholas II
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the last tsar. Wanted supreme rule of army and government. Led the armies to defeat. Forced to abdicate in 1917 by the Duma.
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Gavrilo Princip
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The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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Treaty between Bolsheviks and Germans to get Russia out of the war. 1) Russia lost 1/3 of her population. 2) height of German success in WWI. Signed by Lenin.
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Treaty of Versailles
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Negotiated by the Big Three Germany was stripped of colonies Alsace and Loraine given back to France. Poland was reconstituted as a state. Polish corridor would split Prussia from Germany. The Saar region would be French for 15 years. Heavy repercussions (not specified until later.)
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Battle of Verdun
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1916 German assault on the French fortress- turned into a battle of attrition France won.
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Triple Entente
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1914, Great Britain, France, and Russia.
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Wilson's Fourteen Points
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President Wilson's Peace proposal in 1918 stressed national self-determination and the rights of the small countries. Freedom of the seas and free trade. Clemenceau said, "God only had ten."
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Woodrow Wilson
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U.S. President, who led USA into WWI. He proposed the 14 points. He attended the peace conference at Versailles.
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Zimmerman Telegram
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German Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram to the German minister in Mexico City telling him to promise the Mexican President German help if Mexico went to war with the U.S. the telegram was intercepted and decoded by the British, shocked the American public.
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Army Order #1
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Issued by the Petrograd Soviet shipped offices of their authority and placed the power in the hands of elected committees of common soldiers.
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Bloody Sunday
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In Russia 1905 Russian soldiers inadvertently opened fire on demonstrators, turning them against the tsar. Possibly the start of the Revolution.
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Bolsheviks
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"Majority group"
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Cheka
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Secret police set up by Lenin-arrested "enemies of the revolution".
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Decembrist Revolt
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Uprising in Russia mainly soldiers soon suppressed-first manifestation of the modern revolutionary movement inspired by ideology.
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Duma
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Popular parliament.
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Fundamental Laws
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Issued by the Russian Government in 1906. The tsar retained great power. The Duma was elected by universal male suffrage. The Upper House could pass laws but the Tsar had veto power.
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Alexander Kerensky
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Headed the Provisional Government in 1917. Refused to redistribute confiscated landholdings to the peasants. Thought fighting the war was a national duty.
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General Kornilov
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Wanted to be the savior of Russia. Tried to stage a coup-demanded the resignation of all ministers Kerensky ordered him to turn over command. But soldiers refused to follow him.
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Kronstadt Revolt
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Rebellion of previously loyal sailors at the naval base. Suppressed by the military. After the revolt Lenin introduced the N.E.P.
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March Revolution
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Bolsheviks become the leaders of Russia.
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Mensheviks
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'Minority group'.
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Mir
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Peasant village assembly responsible to the government.
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October Manifesto
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Issued in Russia because of fear of a general strike. Granted full civil rights and a popular parliament- Duma.
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"Peace, Bread, and Land"
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Lenin's slogan in the Revolution. Peace from the war; Land for the peasants; Food for all.
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Anschluss
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The annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938.
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Anti-Comintern Pact
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Between Hitler and Japan; offered security against Russia.
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Atlantic Charter
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August 1941; called for peace without territorial expansion or secret agreements, and for free elections, and self - determination for all liberated nations.
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Casablanca Conference
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Called by the Allies in 1943 to discuss strategy against Germany. Resolved to accept nothing less than unconditional surrender of Axis powers. Also called for an invasion of Italy and Sicily by British and American troops to ease the pressure on Russia.
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Neville Chamberlain
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(1937-1940; gullible British Prime Minister; at the Munich Conference he declared he had secured "peace for our time" He declared that Britain and France would fight if Hitler attacked Poland. Forced to resign in 1940 after the German invasion of France.
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Winston Churchill
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1874-1965; greatest wartime leader; rallied the British with his speeches, infectious confidence, and bulldog determination; known for his "iron curtain" speech in 1946; led the British during World War II; agreed Hitler should be conquered; was thrown out in the election of 1945.
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D-Day
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June 6, 1944; Americans and British forces under General Dwight Eisenhower landed on the beaches of Normandy; this was history's greatest naval invasion.
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Battle of Stalingrad
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Turning point for Germany in the war. From July 1942 to January 1943 after initial success the Russians recaptured the city.
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Edouard Daladier
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French leader of the radical socialists; accepted Hitler's terms for peace and reluctant to declare war in 1939.
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Francisco Franco
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Spanish nationalist General; organized the revolt in Morocco, which led to the Spanish Civil War. Leader of the Nationalists - right wing, supported by Hitler and Mussolini, won the Civil War after three years of fighting.
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Lebensaum
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Room to move. Phrase used by Hitler to justify invasion of other countries. First espoused in Mein Kampf.
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Lend-Lease Program
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In 1941, the US lent money and resources to the European states to help reconstruction.
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Maginot Line
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Line of defense built by France to protect against German invasion. Stretched from Belgium to Switzerland.
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Munich Conference
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1938; Chamberlain, France and other countries (not the USSR); they agreed that Sudentenland should be ceded to Germany; Chamberlain secured peace with Germany.
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Pacificism
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Anabaptists laid great stress on this; they would not run for office or serve in the armed forces; not being involved in many wars.
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Potsdam Conference
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Brought forward many differences over east Europe; postwar conference in July of 1945; Stalin would not allow any type of freely elected government in east European countries; Roosevelt had died and was succeeded by Harry Truman, who demanded free elections.
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Rome-Berlin Axis
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1936; close cooperation between Italy and Germany, and soon Japan joined; resulted from Hitler; who had supported Ethiopia and Italy, he overcame Mussolini's lingering doubts about the Nazis.
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Erwin Rommel
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"Desert Fox"-May 1942; German and Italian armies were led by him and attacked British occupied Egypt and the Suez Canal for the second time; were defeated at the Battle of El Alamein; was moved to France to oversee the defenses before D-Day; tried to assassinate Hitler.
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Russo-German Nonaggression Pact
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Hitler and Stalin promised to remain neutral if either country were to become involved in war; August 1939. Was supposed to last 10 years, but Hitler invaded Russia in 1941.
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Joseph Stalin
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Communist statesman; leader of Bolshevik Party; became ruler of USSR after Lenin; assumed full military and political leadership.
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Sudetenland
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Hitler wanted German speaking people in West Czech; this would be given to Germany.
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Teheran Conference
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Meeting in 1943; Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill; confirmed their defense to crush Hitler.
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Yalta Conference
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On the Black Sea; the Big Three met in February 1945 in southern Russia; it was agreed that Germany would be divided into zones of occupation and would pay heavy reparations to the soviet Union in the form of agricultural and industrial goods; when the Big Three met in 1945 at Yalta in southern Russia they agreed that east European governments were to be freely elected but pro-soviet.
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Konrad Adenauer
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Chancellor of Germany in 1949; the former mayor of Cologne and a long-time anti-Nazi, who began his long highly successful democratic rule; West Germany had a majority of Christian Democrats; helped regain respect for Germany.
