CSET Subtest 1 – History and Social Science – Flashcards
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aqueduct
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a man-made channel constructed to convey water from one location to another
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Bear Flag Revolt
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a brief attempt at the beginning of the Mexican-American War to establish an independent California republic
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Bushido
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the code of knights in feudal Japan, the equivalent of chivalry in Europe
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California's Mission System
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a "sacred expedition" in which twenty-one Spanish Catholic missions were established, spaced to be a single day's travel apart on El Camino Real (the Royal Road)
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Californios
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residents of the rancho system in California just before the Mexican-American War, mainly comprised of Mexican citizens who identified more as Californios than as Mexicans
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Capitalism
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an economic system regulated by the state that encourages the accumulation of wealth and property by individuals
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Caste
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a division of society based on differences of wealth, inherited rank or privilege, profession, or occupation
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Central Valley Project (CVP)
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a federal water project undertaken by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1935 as a long-term plan to effectively use water in California's Central Valley
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Checks and Balances
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written into the Constitution, this concept is one of the cornerstones of our republic, encompassing three branches of government and a system for them to act as watchdogs for the others
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Circumnavigate
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to sail completely around the Earth
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Code of Hammurabi
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the first known written legal code, developed in ancient Babylon, predated the Justinian Code by about 2000 years
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Communism
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an economic system in which the state controls the means of production and distributes the profits
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Conquistadores
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Spanish explorers that sought riches in Central and South America, establishing colonies along the way
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Daimyo
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Japanese feudal lord
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Democratic-Republican Party
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one of the first two political parties in the United States, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison; opposed by the Federalist party and was strongly in favor of individual rights
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Economics
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a social science dealing with the production , distribution, and consumption of goods and services
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Emancipation Proclamation
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a proclamation made by President Lincoln in 1863 freeing all slaves in regions still fighting against the Union
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Executive branch
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a branch of the system of checks and balances that sees that the country's laws are executed
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Federalism
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a system of government consisting of a number of self-governing regions (states) united by a central (federal government)
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Federalist Papers
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a series of articles written in 1787 by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to gain popular support for the then-proposed Constitution
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Feudalism
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a social, economic, and political system in which power is decentralized, and a varying number of lords hold land on which they allow others to live and work in return for loyalty and service
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Fief
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land held by lords under the feudal system
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Forty-Niners
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nickname for the influx of people that arrived in California, starting in 1849, in search of gold
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Free-Soilers
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a minor but influential political party in the pre-Civil War period that opposed the extension of slavery into the western territories
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Gentleman's Agreement
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a 1907 treaty with Japan that allowed wives to join their husbands in the U.S. on the condition that the Japanese government deny exit visas to any men wishing to emigrate to the states
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Great Awakening
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a religions revival in the colonies during the first part of the eighteenth century
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Great Compromise
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a decision made by the Constitutional Congress splitting Congress into two houses, one based on population (House of Representatives), and one based on equal representation (the Senate)
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Hunter/gatherer societies
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an early society in which men hunted meat and women gathered more readily-available food
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Initiative
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a process that gives individual citizens, or groups of citizens, the power to place a proposed law on a ballot (CA)
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Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)
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British reaction to the Boston Tea Party, including more rigid restrictions on colonial town meetings and other harsh penalities
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Judicial Branch
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a branch of the system of checks and balances that interprets Congressional laws
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Justinian Code
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considered to be the basis for the justice systems in use throughout much of the western world, including the United States
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Land Commission
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established to settle the Californios' land claims during the first few years of California's statehood
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Law of Supply and Demand
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a basic economic principle stating that if supply is greater than demand, the value of a product is lower; if demand is greater than supply, the value is higher
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Legislative branch
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a branch of the system of check sand balances that makes Congressional laws
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Louisiana Purchase
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1803 purchase made by President Thomas Jefferson that essentially double the United States' territory
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Manifest Destiny
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an 1845 phrase encapsulating the American vision of western expansion
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Mercantilism
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the practice of state regulation and control of an economy
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Missouri Compromise
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1820 legislation that tried to resolve the conflicts raised by the addition of new territories as either slave or non-slave owning states
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Monotheism
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the worship of only one god
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Nullification
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a concept espoused by southerners following the Missouri Compromise that would have given southern states the right to refuse to obey any laws they didn't agree with
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"Octopus"
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the nickname given to the Central Pacific Railroad for their monopoly and having an "arm in every sector" of California's commerce
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Pilgrims
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a religious group who had broken away from the Church of England, first relocating to Holland, and then sailing in the fall of 1620 to become the first settlers in Massachusetts
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Popular Sovereignty
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a direct democracy
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Presidio
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forts built by the Spanish to offer protection to California's missionaries and settlers during periods of violent revolt by native workers
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Pueblos
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towns based around California's missions and presidios, built around a church and town square
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Rancho system
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a land allotment system defined by a few large landowners and many landless workers
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Recall
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a mechanism for ending an elected official's tenure before its scheduled completion (CA)
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Reconstruction
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President Lincoln's first priority after the Civil War to reconcile the warring sides and rebuild the areas affected by war
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Referendum
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a statue or amendment that has passed the state legislature, which is then placed on the ballot for approval by the electoral body
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Reincarnation
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a religious belief in which, after physical death, a rebirth in another body occurs; a central tenet of Hinduism, among other religons
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Relocation Camps
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internment camps that held people pf Japanese descent during WWII
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Renaissance
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means "rebirth" - the name given to the flowering European culture at the end of the Medieval period
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Secession
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the self given right of the seven states of the lower South to leave the Union if they so desired (after Civil War)
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Separate but equal
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a philosophy, along with election rules that was designed to deny blacks the right to vote after reconstruction ended
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Shogun
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in feudal Japan, the equivalent of a Medieval king
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Serf
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peasants who work on land in a feudal system
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Silicon Valley
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a nickname for the southern part of the San Francisco Bay area in northern California, originally referring to the concentration of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers, but eventually referring to the entire concentration of all types of high-tech businesses
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Socialism
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an economic system in which workers control the means of production and share in the profits of their labor
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Three-Fifths Compromise
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an initial rule in the Constitution stating that in state population counts, each slave would count for three-fifths of a free person
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Vassal
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the equivalent of a knight in the feudal system
