Development of Agriculture — AP World History – Flashcards
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Date of Neolithic Revolution
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c8,000 BCE
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Why would the Neolithic Revolution be called the Neolithic transition?
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It took hundreds / thousands of years to fully diffuse / be practiced
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Who first discovered agriculture?
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Women
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The first method of farming
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slash-and-burn agriculture
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Define slash-and-burn agriculture
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Slashing bark and burning trees to ground
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Effects of slash-and-burn agriculture on soil
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Initially very fertile soil, became infertile after a few years.
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Effects of slash-and-burn agriculture on spread of agriculture
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Diffused agriculture as people had to migrate every so often due to infertile soil
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The second great discovery of the Neolithic Era
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Animal breeding
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What two things allowed humans to be stationary
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Breeding and farming
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What determined the crops being domesticated?
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Climate and type of plants present
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Two examples of grains
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Wheat and barley
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What was first cultivated in Mesopotamia
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Grains: wheat and barley
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What was first cultivated in East Asia along the Yangzi River and Huang He rivers?
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Rice and soybeans
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What was first cultivated in sub-Saharan Africa?
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Yams and sorghum
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What was first cultivated in Southeast Asia
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taro and bananas
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What was first cultivated in the Americas
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maize, beans, and potatoes
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Effects of agriculture in regards to population
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Population growth at an exponential rate
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Population - 10,000 BCE
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4 million
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Population - 5,000 BCE
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5 million
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Population - 3,000 BCE
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14 million
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Population - 2,000 BCE
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27 million
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Population - 1,000 BCE
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50 million
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Population - 500 BCE
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100 million
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What enabled food surpluses?
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Creation of permanent villages, tools.
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What did food surpluses enable?
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Job specialization
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What enabled the creation of a wealthier class?
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Land ownership
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What did Neolithic peoples study in regards to the changes of the season?
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Sun, moon, and stars
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The main religious goal of neolithic peoples
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Ensure fertility (land and people)
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What did religious beliefs capitalize on?
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Life cycle of birth, growth, death, and regenerated life
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Three main craft industries
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Pottery, metallurgy, and textiles
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Earliest metal used
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Copper
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First functions of copper
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Jewelry and simple tools
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What was copper the foundation of?
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Bronze and iron
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Who created bronze? When?
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Mesopotamian metalworkers in c3200 BCE
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Composition of bronze
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Copper and tin
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Use of bronze
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Agriculture and weaponry
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How common is copper?
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Relatively common
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How common is tin?
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Rare
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When were iron tools and weapons first developed?
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c1300 BCE
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What happens when carbon is added to iron tools?
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It becomes steel - much stronger, more durable
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Societal effects of iron
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Metal became more affordable among lower class which resulted in changes of warfare and politics (in Greece particularly).
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Diffusion routes of metalworking
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From Mesopotamia to Mediterranean, into Africa, and across Asia
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Origin of wheel
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Unknown
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When was the wheel invented?
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c3200 BCE
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Use of wheels among Sumerians
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wheeled carts
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Describe rate of diffusion with wheeled carts
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Very fast
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Why would wheels have no value in America?
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Absence of draft animals
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Role of pastoralist people and diffusing technology and why did this happen?
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Diffused such very quickly because they had contact with many farming communities
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Two examples of tech diffused by pastoralist peoples
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Chariots and iron blades
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What did pastoral nomads depend on?
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Their herd
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Where did pastoral nomads live?
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Central Asian steppe and grasslands
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Describe conditions and relate them to Central Asian grass
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Low rainfall but grass could live off of less water
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Why did pastoral nomadism dominate in steppe and grasslands?
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Grass was more suited for grazing than farming
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What determined who would farm and who would be pastoral nomads?
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Geography and climate
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How did pastoralist nomads respond to difficult interactions with communities?
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Developed offensive and defensive fighting tactics
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What were the farmers after that the pastoralist nomads had?
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Their animals - hence they got good at fighting
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What did heightened military ability cause overall among the pastoralist nomads?
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Future focus on fighting tactics among not only pastoralist nomads but farmers too
