Modern World History: The French Revolution and Napoleon – Flashcards
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Old Regime
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The social and political system of old France
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Estate
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One of three classes France was divided into
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1st (Estate)
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Estate that contained clergy and paid almost no taxes
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2nd (Estate)
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Estate that contained rich nobles who paid no taxes
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3rd (Estate)
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Estate that contained middle class and peasants; 97% of the population
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American Revolution
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Event that inspired the 3rd Estate to change the government
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Louis XVI
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King who doubled France's huge debt; weak leader
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Marie Antoinette
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Austrian queen; wife of Louis XVI; increased France's debt; very unpopular
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Estates General
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Meeting in Versailles to approve taxes; first time it met in 175 years; each estate gets one vote
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National Assembly
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Group that would pass laws and reforms; wanted by 3rd estate
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Tennis Court Oath
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Rebellion by the 3rd estate; they would stay put until a new constitution was made
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Bastille
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Held prisoners of war and gunpowder; stormed by the French to get guns and ammunition
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(The) Great Fear
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Time period when peasants feared that the nobles were hiring outlaws to kill them
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Declaration of the Rights of Man
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Document to restore France; "men are born free and equal in rights"; freedoms to liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression; not for women
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Olympe de Gouges
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Executed for her writings for women
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Limited Monarchy
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Type of government in France where King Louis had much less power and authority
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Legislative Assembly
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New group in France that could create laws and approve wars
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Radicals
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Group that wanted big changes
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Moderates
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Group that wanted some change
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Conservatives
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Group that wanted limited monarchy
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Emigres
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Nobles who had fled; wanted to bring back old regime
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Sans-culottes
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Lower class workers who wanted change
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Austria, Prussia
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Two countries that urged France to restore Louis as absolute monarch
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Jacobins
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Radical group that took over and began executions
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Jean-Paul Marat
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Jacobin who called for the death of all supporters of the king
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Guillotine
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Beheading machine used to behead people more efficiently
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Robespierre
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Jacobin who took power; wanted to erase all trace of old France; took out churches and Sundays; leader of committee of public safety; governed during the Reign of Terror
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Reign of Terror
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Time period when many people were executed using the guillotine
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The Directory
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The executive body and legislative group in a new constitution after the death of Robespierre; middle class power
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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Officer in army who defended the National Convention from royalist rebels; won tons of victories; took power as first consul; made peace agreements with other countries
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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Ruler of France after the death of Robespierre; still loyal to the Revolution while restoring order; got rid of government corruption; set up schools; efficient taxes and banking; restored the Catholic Church
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Consul
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Dictator
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Coup d'etat
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"blow to the state"
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Plebiscite
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Vote of the people; approved Napoleon's constitution
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Lycees
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Schools set up by Napoleon to train officials
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Concordat
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Agreement; signed by Pope Pius VII; restored the Catholic Church but the church could not interfere in government affairs
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Pope Pius VII
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Signed the Concordat with Napoleon
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Napoleonic Code
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System of laws; promoted order and authority over rights; no freedom of speech/press; restored slaves; made by Napoleon
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Saint Domingue
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American colony lost by Napoleon because of a slave rebellion
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Austria, Prussia, Russia
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Countries that were forced to sign a peace treaty with Napoleon
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Battle of Trafalgar
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Napoleon's only major loss; naval battle against Britain; Horatio Nelson destroyed French fleet
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Horatio Nelson
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British hero who destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar
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Continental System
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The blockade of all trade/communication between Britain and Europe; thought of by Napoleon; to make Europe more self-sufficient; failed
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Peninsular War
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Spanish vs French; Spanish were afraid Napoleon would attack the Church; peasant fighters ambushed army and won; occurred because Napoleon wanted to enforce the Continental System
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Guerrilla
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A peasant fighter who ambushed the French army and won in the Peninsular War
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Scorched-Earth Policy
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Burning fields, destroying livestock, leaving no supplies for the enemy; tactic that Russia used against Napoleon
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Elba
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Tiny island off the Italian coast to which Napoleon was first banished
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Louis XVIII
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King of France after Napoleon's downfall and banishment; unpopular
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Waterloo
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French vs British; Napoleon fought this battle after just escaping banishment on Elba
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Hundred Days (of Power)
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The name for the time when Napoleon escaped Elba and regained control of France
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St. Helena
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Remote island to which Napoleon was banished for the second time
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Congress of Vienna
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Meeting to make policies to stabilize Europe; the 5 great powers: Russia, Britain, Prussia, Austria, France; strengthened countries around France, kept balance of power, restored rulers; first time a whole continent got together to solve problems
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Russia, Britain, Prussia, Austria, France
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The five 'great powers' that met at the Congress of Vienna
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Klemons van Metternich
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Austrian prince who was the most influential person at the Congress of Vienna; wanted to stop French aggression, restore a balance of power, and restore royal families
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Legitimacy
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The principle that the rulers who Napoleon had driven form power could be restored
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Holy Alliance
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Group of Prussia, Russia, and Austria that used Christianity to combat revolution
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Concert of Europe
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Agreement that nations would help each other if there was a revolution
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Louisiana Territory (Louisiana Purchase)
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Land sold by France to America for $15 million; helped finance European wars and punish the British
