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Midland Minnie

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The "first mother of Texas" Found her bones on Scharbauer Ranch near Midland 37,000 years old

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Atl-atl

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A device used for hunting Paleo-Indian's solution for the bow and arrow

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Agricultural Revolution

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100 B.C. to 800 A.D. Shift from the culture of hunting and gathering to farming

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American Triad/Three Sisters

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Corn or maize, beans and squash Crops all native to America that women domesticated Growers planted all three seeds in one mound

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Caddo location, beliefs and lifestyle

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East Texas and Louisiana Hasinai were most significant tribe Built temples on top of mounds- believed in one god or great spirit who created the world called Caddi-Ayo and in a devil called Caddaja. They worshipped corn, Mother Earth, rain and fire Politics: Hereditary chief, caddi- xinesi= high chief By 1100 AD, they started declining and by 1300AD disappeared altogether

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Karankawa location, beliefs and lifestyle

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Galveston Bay to Corpus Christi Bay Athletic; painted and tattooed their bodies Raised and domesticated dogs Nomadic; Hunters and gatherers- ritual cannibalism Lived in small bands Declined after the Spaniards arrived

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Coahuiltecan location, beliefs and lifestyle

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Lived south of the Karankawa Traveled wider than the Karankawa Finding food was their main problem All in the band were related; they functioned as equals with no social classes; the people remained with the group as long as they did not hurt their relatives/neighbors Declined after the Spaniards arrived

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Jumano location, beliefs and lifestyle

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New Mexico, Mexico and West Texas Lived on farms- corn, squash, beans and pumpkins Relied heavily on buffalo Part of a vast trade network Declined in the 1600s and disappeared by the 1700s

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Plains Indian use of the buffalo

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They returned the buffalo to the ground via a sun dance

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Álvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca

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A fourth survivor of the Narvaez expedition Shipwrecked then captured by a tribe Escaped and traveled two years across Texas

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Esteván

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First black to see Texas Learned the native's sign language to communicate with them Became a celebrity in Mexico City

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Francisco de Coronado

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Led a Spanish expedition in the early 1540s to the Seven Cities of Cibola Realized that the buildings weren't gold but adobe Made the Indians convert to Catholicism

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Sieur de La Salle

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First Frenchman to go into the interior of the US Claimed the MS river valley for France- named Louisiana Challenged Spain's rule of the land Ship got wrecked and he didn't make it very far

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Father Massenet

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French Catholic missionary Established the San Francisco de los Tejas Failed because of the Spanish mistreatment of the Indians

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Establishment of San Antonio and La Bahía

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Spanish founded San Antonio so that its commander could watch over New Spain's efforts of East Texas La Bahia was founded by Spaniard Domingo Ramon

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St. Denís

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Canadian trader who was sent to Texas by the French to open trade with the Caddo tribes Spanish authorities arrested him Said that the French and Spanish could work together and they founded four new missions

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Peninsulares, creoles, and mestizos

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Peninsulares- Spanish people born in Spain Creoles- Spanish people born in America Mestizos- people with both Spanish and Indian blood

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Ranching

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Most of the colonists brought livestock with them The first ranchers were missionaries who received grants from the King who just supervised Native Americans Then private ranches--> then cattle drives By the 1780s mission ranches declined and private ranches started ascending

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Father Miguel Hidalgo

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Hidalgo began to unite the creoles, mestizos and Indians against the peninsulares because they formed a large land-holding aristocracy that dominated all politics and economics Fought against the Spanish government and was executed on July 30, 1811

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Augustín de Iturbide

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Organized an army to overthrow Spanish rule Became the first ruler of Mexico

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Gutierrez-Magee Expedition

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1811 Joint Mexican-US filibustering expedition against Spanish Texas during the early years of the Mexican War of Independence.

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James Long

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From Virginia Led a filibustering expedition related to the western boundary of the LA territory

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Adams-Onis Treaty Line

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Western boundary of the Louisiana Territory that excluded Texas

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Federalists

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Favored a republic where states have more power than the federal government

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Centralists

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Traditional monarchy Included the aristocracy, military and church leaders Had a tight hold on political power

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Moses Austin

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Founder of the lead industry in America Wanted to bring 300 Catholic settlers to Texas Died before he assumed the land

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Stephen Austin

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Got the land in Texas after his father's death Had to go to Mexico City to negotiate the land grant

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Guadalupe Victoria

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First president of the Republic of Mexico He joined Father Hidalgo's revolt in 1811 Ruled under republic ideals- giving the people much freedom

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Texas Colonization Law

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Both Americans and Mexicans could immigrate to Texas Settlers received a league of pasture and a labor for cultivation- exempt from taxes Expected to enrich the country by having successful farms and ranches

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Empresarios

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Immigration agents

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Green De Witt

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From Kentucky and was given a grant like Austin's in 1825 to bring 400 families to Texas Brought 130+ families to Texas by 1831

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Haden Edwards

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From Virginia- southern planter aristocracy Got a contract in 1825 for 800 families in eastern Texas with Nacogdoches being the main urban center He showed contempt for Mexican law and his land grant was annulled in 1826

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Republic of Fredonia/Fredonian Rebellion

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Edwards, when he lost his grant, declared independence from Mexico Nacogdoches was his headquarters The revolutionaries fled when the Mexicans reached Nacogdoches in 1827 Some say this was a precursor to the Texas Rev.

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Law of April 6, 1830

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Mexican law that declared all empresario contracts that had not been fulfilled void to stop further immigration from the US

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John D. Bradburn

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Anglo serving in the Mexican army His job was to assist with collections of customs, to establish a town and a garrison, to prevent smuggling on the Trinity and San Jacinto Rivers, to prevent illegal immigration from the US in accord with the new immigration law

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Antonio López de Santa Anna

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Federalist president of Mexico trying to oust the Centralist government in Mexico city Turned on Iturbide and called for a republic in 1822

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Major ethnic groups in Mexican Texas

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Anglos (Americans), Black Americans, Native Americans (Plains Indians lasted the longest/Caddos the shortest), Hispanics

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Causes of the Revolution

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Santa Anna's coup Texan contempt for Mexican and political and social systems- refused to adopt Catholicism, supported slavery Ethnocentrism

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Character of the rebel army

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Small, weak, lack of unified leadership, disorganized,

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Battle of Gonzales

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1835 The people of Gonzales were ordered to surrender a small cannon to Mexico First battle of the war "come and take it"

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Martín Perfecto de Cos

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Mexican general who wanted to punish the rebels Marched to La Bahia (Golaid) and occupied it before going to San Antonio

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Texan siege of San Antonio

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Oct 28, 1835 Texian forces led by Stephen F. Austin advanced to San Antonio where General Cos was 90 Texans led by Jim Bowie and James Fannin fought Cos lead a surprise attack on the Texans but The Texans drove off the Mexicans Began the siege of Bexar

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James C. Neill

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Hero at the battle of San Antonio who became the Alamo's commander. Realized the significance of the Alamo as the only fort between Santa Anna and eastern Texas. He worked considerably hard to build the Alamo's defense by requesting more men, which brought William B. Travis, Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie to the mission in San Antonio. From North Carolina

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William B. Travis

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A Lieutenant Colonel in the Texas army who took command of the Alamo after Neill's leave of absence. Shared command of the Alamo with James Bowie until he fell ill and Travis led the over 180 volunteers and army men through Santa Anna's attack on the Alamo. Gave Sam Houston time to organize his army "Victory or death"

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Jim Bowie

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American solider who played a huge part in the defense of the Alamo

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Santa Anna's siege of the Alamo

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Texans were vastly outnumbered Santa Anna won 1800 Mexican troops storm the Alamo and kill all rebel combatants in a battle that lasts only ninety minutes. A handful of women, children and slaves are the only survivors.

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Convention of 1836

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44 delegates attended the first day with 59 delegates total At Washington-on-the-Brazos Wrote the Constitution of the Republic of Texas and declared independence from Mexico

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James Fannin

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A Colonel during the Texas Revolution of 1835-36. After being outnumbered and surrendering to Mexican forces at the Battle of Coleto Creek, Colonel Fannin and nearly all his 344 men were executed soon afterward at Goliad, Texas, under Santa Anna's orders for all rebels to be executed.

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Battle of Coleto Creek/Goliad Massacre

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Ordered by Sam Houston to retreat from Goliad, Col. James W. Fannin and his men are trapped by Mexican forces in the middle of a prairie near Coleto Creek. Outnumbered and with no protection, the Texians surrender to General Urrea. Mar 27, 1836 Mexican soldiers execute James Fannin and 344 of his men near Goliad. Twenty-eight Texians escape and tell of the Goliad Massacre

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Runaway Scrape

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Early 1836 Began with the Siege and Fall of the Alamo and ending with the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21. It was a period of terror and panic among the settlements of Texas, as Santa Anna and the Mexican armies swept eastward from San Antonio, virtually unopposed.

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Sam Houston

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Elected general of the Texas army Won the Battle of San Jacinto President of Texas twice

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Battle of San Jacinto

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The battle that won the Texas Revolution in April of 1836. The city of Cincinnati gave General Houston two cannons, which represented the United States support of the Texan's efforts. Santa Anna's line of defense buckled and the entire battle was won in 18 minutes.

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Treaties of Velasco

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May 1836 Two different components: one public, one private Agreed that fighting would stop, troops would be withdrawn, Mexico would not wage war of Texas again Santa Anna would recognize Texas as a sovereign nation Treaty was violated on both sides and nullified

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The Republic's major problems

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Financial stability- the war left Texas with no money at all Foreign diplomacy- no nations would recognize Texas as sovereign Held Santa Anna captive for a while until they returned him to Mexico via President Andrew Jackson

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