question

In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act

answer

authorized the FDA to regulate tobacco products in specific ways.

question

One big factor associated with lower rates of cigarette smoking among adults is

answer

Higher level of education

question

Per capita sales of cigarettes in the U.S. began to decline

answer

after the 1964 Surgeon General's report

question

Reynolds was unable to market Premier, a plastic cigarette containing catalytic crystals coated with tobacco extract, because

answer

the FDA considered them a "nicotine delivery device" rather than an agricultural product

question

The major commercial species of Nicotiana that is grown for tobacco products is

answer

Nicotiana tobacum.

question

People who switch to low tar and nicotine brand cigarettes

answer

typically take more and deeper puffs and probably get no safety benefit.

question

90 percent of all U.S. cigarettes sold are now

answer

Filter cigars

question

Tobacco use became popular in European culture because:

answer

it was associated with wealth and status

question

During the 18th century, which method of use of tobacco increased in England

answer

Snuff

question

In 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the FDA

answer

Had no authority to regulare tobacco products

question

Chewing was the most popular form of tobacco use until about 1900, but by 1920 the most popular form was

answer

cigars

question

The biggest health concern for users of smokeless tobacco has been

answer

cancer of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.

question

As a potent poison, nicotine causes death by

answer

increasing blood pressure until a stroke occurs.

question

Recent research on the dependence produced by nicotine has focused on genetic differences related to:

answer

acetylcholine receptors

question

One recent fad in tobacco use has been

answer

hookahs (water pipes)

question

Gum, patches, lozenges, and inhalers are all various forms of

answer

nicotine replacement therapy

question

Although lung cancer is not common, about _______ percent of all lung cancers occur in smokers.

answer

85

question

In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency declared that

answer

secondhand smoke is a known carcinogen that increases lung cancer risk.

question

Nicotine acts in the brain by

answer

first stimulating and then blocking cholinergic receptors

question

In July 2011, the nicotine vaccine NicVax was

answer

found to be no better than placebo.

question

The psychological effect of cigarette smoking is

answer

arousal and activation--a mild stimulant effect calm and relaxation--a mild antianxiety effect.

question

In 2006, the FDA approved a nicotine partial agonist drug as a smoking treatment. The drug is

answer

varenicline (Chantix)

question

Annual "smoking attributable mortality" in the U.S. is estimated at

answer

440,000

question

About 90 percent of the more than 40 million former smokers in the U.S. report that

answer

they quit smoking without a treatment program.

question

One of the most consistent and best-documented effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy is

answer

low birth weight

question

In 1970, Americans drank more coffee than any other nonalcoholic beverage product. By 2009,

answer

Americans drank approximately twice as many gallons of soft drinks as compared to coffee

question

Most regular brewed teas have about how much caffeine per cup?

answer

40-60 mg (about half the amount in coffee)

question

_____________ is prescribed to asthma sufferers because it relaxes bronchial passages.

answer

theophylline

question

The early history of coffee included a 1674 pamphlet from England titled

answer

The Women's Petition Against Coffee.

question

Theobroma, the genus name for the cacao tree, is Latin for

answer

food of the gods

question

The largest exporters of coffee to the U.S. are

answer

Colombia, Brazil, Guatemala, and Mexico.

question

Green, black, and oolong tea are all prepared from leaves of

answer

Camellia sinensis

question

In the 18th century, English coffeehouses were referred to as

answer

penny universities

question

The legend of the discovery of coffee relates to

answer

Kaldi and his dancing goats

question

The world's greatest per-capita consumers of tea are found in

answer

Turkey

question

All of the xanthines have similar effects. But which one has the greatest overall effect?

answer

caffeine

question

According to current FDA rules on "cola" drinks

answer

they cannot contain more than 6 mg caffeine per ounce

question

One important determinant of the behavioral effects of caffeine is

answer

whether the person is a regular user

question

The most consistent withdrawal symptom after chronic caffeine use is

answer

headache

question

In 1909, the FDA seized some Coca-Cola syrup and filed charges against the company partly because

answer

the syrup contained caffiene

question

Often people who drink too much alcohol attempt to "sober up" by drinking coffee. Several studies support the idea that caffeine

answer

is likely to lead to increased arousal, but the drinker is still impaired

question

Caffeine has been shown to be an effective treatment for

answer

migraine headaches

question

The unique xanthine in chocolate is

answer

theobromine

question

Drinking 5 or more cups of coffee per day

answer

doubles the risk of heart attack

question

Caffeine works in the brain by

answer

blocking adenosine receptors

question

The main active ingredient in Red Bull and other energy drinks is

answer

caffeine

question

Caffeine is thought to relieve headaches because it is

answer

a vasoconstrictor.

question

The maximum CNS effect of caffeine is reached about _____ after drinking coffee.

answer

2 hours

question

The 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act

answer

expanded the definition of dietary supplements and restricted the FDA's regulatory authority over them.

question

What dietary supplement ingredient has been tested for its ability to improve memory in Alzheimer's disease, but has produced only small and unreliable improvements in published research?

answer

Ginkgo biloba

question

Starting in 2007, the only FDA-approved OTC weight-control ingredient is

answer

orlistat (alli).

question

The FDA was given additional authority over dietary supplements in 2006 to set up

answer

an "Adverse Events Reporting" process.

question

Because of the way the FDA reviews and approves OTC drugs,

answer

various brands of a given type of remedy usually contain the same few active ingredients

question

Many of the capsules, pills, and powders that look like drugs and that consumers think of as drugs are actually classified by the FDA as

answer

food products

question

If you buy a bottle of St. John's wort 300 mg tablets, each tablet will contain 300 mg

answer

total tablet weight, with an unknown amount of plant material or ingredients

question

The U.S. market for over-the-counter drug products totals about

answer

$18 billion

question

The only active ingredient the FDA allows in OTC stimulants is

answer

caffeine

question

The 2006 revised PATRIOT Act required that products containing __________ be kept "behind the counter," and buyers must show identification and sign for their purchase.

answer

pseudoephedrine

question

SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) is a dietary supplement that has some research support for its possible use in treating

answer

depression

question

Why would you want dextromethorphan in a cold remedy?

answer

It acts as a cough suppressant

question

NSAID stands for

answer

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

question

Suppose you have a cold and you choose to take Tylenol Cold to treat your symptoms (runny nose, congested nasal passages, and fever). Which of these ingredients in this OTC product is unnecessary?

answer

dextromethorphan

question

There has been some reported abuse by young people of products containing _________, which they take in high doses to produce visual and auditory hallucinations

answer

dextromethorphan

question

The generic name for Tylenol and Datril is

answer

acetaminophen.

question

Acetylsalicylic acid was developed in the Bayer laboratory in Germany in 1898 and sold under the brand name

answer

Aspirin

question

Aspirin should not be used with children who have a viral infection because of increased risk of

answer

Reye's syndrome

question

The textbook suggests that consumers are best able to choose from among the wide variety of OTC products by

answer

knowing a fairly small number of ingredient names.

question

Suppose you had a fever, a headache, and a swollen knee. Which medication would be most appropriate to treat all three symptoms?

answer

dextromethorphan

question

Besides analgesia (pain relief), another important effect of aspirin is as a(n)

answer

antipyretic (reduces fever)

question

The acronym GRAS stands for

answer

generally recognized as safe

question

Cold viruses are usually transmitted

answer

by being picked up on the hands and touching your eyes or nose

question

The earliest recorded use of opium as a medicine was probably by

answer

Egyptians, around 1500 BC

question

The 16th century European physician Paracelsus, and later Dr. Thomas Sydenham promoted the use of

answer

laudanum.

question

In 1898, Bayer laboratories marketed diacetylmorphine tablets under the brand name

answer

Heroin

question

The two major active chemicals in opium are

answer

morphine and codeine.

question

Papaver somniferum is the scientific name for

answer

the opium poppy

question

Heroin became the drug of choice for many opioid users

answer

during the 1920s, because it was easier to smuggle the small amounts needed for an effective dose.

question

One thing that apparently contributed to the spread of opium smoking in China was

answer

a 1644 edict from the emperor forbidding tobacco smoking.

question

By the beginning of the 20th century, a greater percentage of Americans were dependent on opioids than at any time before or since. Opium smoking and medical use of injected pure morphine were important contributors to this, along with

answer

Patent medicines containing opium extracts or morphine

question

Possession of opium, morphine, or heroin without a prescription was made a crime by

answer

a 1915 Supreme Court decision.

question

The Opium War of 1839-1842 resulted, among other things, in

answer

the island of Hong Kong becoming a British possession.

question

"Black tar" is

answer

a name given heroin from Mexico that is brown or black in its pure form

question

At the current time, most of the heroin in the U.S. originates from poppy fields in

answer

Colombia and Mexico.

question

Vicodin and OxyContin are examples of

answer

prescription opioids that are being misused at relatively high rates.

question

Which of these opioids is about 100 times as potent as morphine?

answer

fentanyl

question

Naloxone, nalorphine, and naltrexone are examples of

answer

opioid antagonists.

question

Enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins are

answer

three classes of endogenous chemicals that have effects similar to morphine

question

Although pain relief is now the major medical use for opioids, they have been used to save many lives (especially in underdeveloped countries) because of their ability to

answer

treat diarrhea

question

Siegel and his colleagues have shown in animal studies that tolerance to opioids

answer

is partly due to conditioned responses

question

The textbook says that opioid withdrawal is similar to

answer

a bad case of intestinal flu

question

The fact that animals with no history of opioid withdrawal will press a lever to self-administer low doses of intravenous morphine or heroin demonstrates the importance of ____________ in developing opioid dependence.

answer

positive reinforcement

question

In a heroin user, negative reinforcement of drug-taking behavior can occur when

answer

withdrawal symptoms are alleviated by another injection

question

Long-term exposure to opioid drugs

answer

has not been clearly shown to produce damage to any tissue or organ system

question

Heroin is more potent than morphine because

answer

it more readily crosses the blood-brain barrier

Substance Use, Misuse and Abuse Ch. 10-13 – Flashcards

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