AP World History Terms Chapter 8,9,11,12 – Flashcards
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Genghis Khan
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The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols. It means the "oceanic" or "universal" leader
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Mongols
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people living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.
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Nomadism
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A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water.
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Bubonic Plague
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A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans can spread it through coughing.
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Il-Khan
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A "secondary" or "peripheral" khan based in Persia. The Il-Khans' khanate was founded by Hulegu, a grandson of Genghis Khan, and was based at Tabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iraq and Iran.
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Golden Horde
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Mongol Khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde.
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Yuan Empire
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Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan.
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Zheng-He
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An imperial eunuch and Muslim , An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.
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Beijing
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China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China.
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Kamikaze
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the "divine wind" which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281.
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Alexander Nevsky
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Russian saint and national hero named after the Neva River, where he defeated the Swedes in 1240.
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Tsar
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From Latin "Caesar", this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian rule by Ivan II
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Ottomans
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Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, it was based at Istanbul from 1453 to 1922, encompassing lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and easten Europe.
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Lama
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In Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher.
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Kublai Khan
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Mongol emperor of China; grandson of Genghis Khan. He led the conquest of China and founded the Yuan dynasty.
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Yi Kingdom
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The Yi dynasty ruled Korea from the fall of the Koryo kingdom to the colonization of Korea by Japan.
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Ming Empire
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Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire.
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Maize
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Tall annual grass bearing kernels on large eat: widely cultivated in America in many varieties
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Bloodletting Rituals
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the ritualized self-cutting or piercing of one's body. Crucial to the maintenance of social and political structure
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Teotihuacan
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A powerful city-state in central Mexico with a peak population of about 150,00
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Chinampas
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raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields
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Maya
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Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in the Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala, and Honduras.
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Toltecs
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Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico.
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Aztecs
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created a powerful empire in central Mexico. They forced defeated people to provide goods and labor as a tax
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Tenochtitlan
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Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco
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Tribute System
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A system in which defeated people were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor
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Huitzilopochtli
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the god of war, a sun god, and the Patron of Tenochtitlan... "Hummingbird on the left"
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Anasazi
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important culture of what is now the southwest United States. Centered on Chaco Canyon in new mexico, and Mesa Verde in Colorado.
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Chimu
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A civilization flourishing on the northern coast of Peru from about 1200 to 1460
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Coca
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The dried leaves of the tropical coca plant are chewed as a stimulant by the people of western south america and also used to make the drug cocaine
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Tiwanku
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capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia
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Wari
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Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanku, perhaps beginning as a colony of Tiwanku
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Inca
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Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco
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Khipu
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system of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information
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Mit'a
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Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the rule and religious organizations
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Moche
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civilization of the north coast of Peru
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Charlemagne
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was King of the Franks from 768-814 and emperor from 800-814. He established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and part of Germany and Italy.
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Investiture Controversy
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Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands.
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Medieval
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Means "middle age", a term used to define Europe between 500 and 1500. The intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance
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Monasticism
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Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to chastity, obedience, and poverty rules. Prominent element of medieval Christianity and Buddhism.
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Byzantine Empire
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Eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward. Capital city of Constantinople
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Kievan Russia
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State established at Kiev in Ukraine in 879 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population.
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Schism
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A formal split within a religious community
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Manor
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A large, self-sufficient landholding in medieval Europe consisting of the lord's residence, out-buildings, peasant village, and surrounding land.
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Horse Collar
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Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to shoulders
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Serf
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An agricultural laborer in medieval Europe legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord.
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Crusades
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Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.
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Fief
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Land granted in return for a sworn oath to provide specified military service in medieval Europe
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Pilgrimage
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Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins.
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Vassal
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In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord.
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Papacy
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The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.
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Holy Roman Empire
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Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor election by the princes. Lasted from 962 to 1806.
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Shi'ites
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Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Al. It's the state religion of Iran.
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Sunnis
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Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing thw community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.
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Mecca
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city in western Arabia. Birthplace of Muhammad and ritual center of Islam
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Muhammad
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Arab prophet. Founder of Islam.
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Muslim
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Adherent to the Islamic religion. A person who "submits" to the will of God.
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Islam
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religion expounded by prophet Muhammad, on the basis of his reception of divine relations. Calls on people to recognize one creator god- Allah
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Medina
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city in western Arabia to which Muhammad and his followers emigrated to escape persecution in Mecca.
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Umma
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the community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of 7th century Arabia
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Caliphate
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office established after Muhammad to rule the Islamic empire. Also the name of that empire
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Quran
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Book composed of divine revelations made to Muhammad. The sacred text of Islam.
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Umayyad Caliphate
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first hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs. They ruled an empire extending from Spain to India.
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Abbasid Caliphate
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Descendent of Muhammad's uncle. They ruled an empire extending from Spain to India
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Mamluks
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Turkish military slaves. Formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate.
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Ghana
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First known kingdom in sub-Saharan west Africa. Once known as the Gold Coast.
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Ulama
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Muslim religious scholars. The primary interpreters of Islamic laws and core of urban societies.
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Hadith
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A tradition relating the words or deeds of Muhammad. Second most important basis for Islamic law.
