U.S. History Chapter 12 Test: World War I – Flashcards
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What were 3 factors that led to the start of World War I?
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1. rise of nationalism 2. rise of imperialism 3. rise of militarism
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What is nationalism?
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one's devotion to one's nation
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What is imperialism?
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competition for colonies while attempting to develop countries
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What is militarism?
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policy of glorifying military power
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What did European countries compete over?
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land and resources
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What did Otto von Bismarck of Germany do in 1871, because he believed France was a military threat?
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formed the Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary)
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What did Kaiser Wilhelm II do in 1890 to show the world how powerful Germany is?
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allowed Germany's treaty with Russia to end
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What did Russia do in 1892 as a response to the Triple Alliance?
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formed an alliance with France that would force Germany to fight a two-front war
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What did Germany do as a response to Russia's alliance with France?
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increased the size of its navy equal to that of Great Britain
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What did Great Britain do when Germany's navy got bigger?
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joined Russia's alliance making the Triple Entente (France, Great Britain, Russia)
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What was the main cause of World War I?
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growth of nationalism
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How did European countries believe disputes should be settled?
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on the battlefield
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What countries were part of the Central Powers?
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria
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What countries were part of the Allied Powers?
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United States, France, Russia, and Great Britain
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What happened in 1914 that started World War I?
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Gavrilo Princip from Serbia shot Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Hungary
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What did Germany do to avoid attacking the German-French border?
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attacked Belgium
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What was the Schlieffen Plan?
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Germany's military strategy that called for a massive attack on France and then quickly defeating Russia
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Why was Germany's plan of invading Belgium a mistake?
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Belgium gave Germany strong resistance allowing France and Great Britain time to prepare for battle
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Who won the first Battle of the Marne River?
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Allies
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What did the first Battle of the Marne River tell both sides?
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there would be no quick decisive victory
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What was the battlefield between the 2 opposing trenches called?
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No man's land
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Who was winning World War I in 1915?
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neither side, it was a stalemate
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What was the longest battle of World War I?
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Battle of Verdun
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What were some of the deadly new weapons invented during World War I?
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1. machine guns 2. tanks 3. poisonous gas 4. submarines 5. airplanes
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What was President Wilson's original policy of World War I?
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policy of neutraliy, it was a European matter
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Which side did more Americans support?
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Allies
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What did the German navy do to U.S. ships that upset President Wilson?
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stopped U.S. ships bound for neutral countries and searched their cargoes
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What did the German navy establish in 1915?
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war zone around Great Britain
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What did Germany do in 1915 that upset President Wilson?
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torpedoed the Lusitania killing 128 Americans
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What did President Wilson demand after the Lusitania was sunk?
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specific pledges to halt unrestricted submarine warfare
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How did Secretary of State William Jennings respond to President Wilson's demands?
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resigned, because he said that the United States could not issue ultimatums and remain neutral
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What did Germany do to the United States in 1915?
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sank the ship "Arabic" killing 2 Americans
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What did Germany do to the United States in 1916?
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sank the ship "Sussex" killing several Americans
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What was the Sussex Pledge?
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Germany giving a renewal to sink any ship without warning if it entered the war zone
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What was the National Defense Act of 1916?
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increased the number of soldiers from 90,000 to 175,000
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What did Germany do in 1917?
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resumed full scale U-boat warfare sinking 5 American ships
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What was the Zimmerman Note of 1917?
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Mexican alliance with Germany proposing that Germany would support Mexico in reconquering New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona if Mexico agreed to fight with the Central Powers
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What happened as a result of the Zimmerman Note?
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United States declared war on Germany
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What was the Selective Service Act of 1917?
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required men between the ages of 21 and 30 to register for the draft
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True/False All soldiers drafted were treated fairly, regardless of their culture, because they were U.S. soldiers.
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False they were assigned to separate units
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What did Congress do in 1924 as a result of American Indians fighting for the Allies in World War I?
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granted American Indians full U.S. citizenship
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What were soldiers subjected to after they were drafted and arrived in camp?
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1. medical exams 2. learning military rules 3. exercising
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What was the American Expeditionary Force?
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first U.S. troops sent to France
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Did the U.S. soldiers engage in battle when they first arrived in France?
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No
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How did the first U.S. soldiers help France?
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1. built docks and railroads 2. networked telephone lines 3. built hospitals 4. built storage sheds 5. built camps
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How did President Wilson finance World War I?
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1. conserved scarce resources 2. redirected industry to the war effort
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What were Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds?
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citizens giving money to the government for the war effort and being repaid in interest after the war ended
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What tactics were used to stimulate enthusiasm for World War I?
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1. posters 2. parades 3. rallies
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What did government do with taxes during World War I?
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raised them
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How did government take complete control of the economy during World War I?
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1. setting prices and production levels 2. regulated business towards the war effort
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What did Herbert Hoover and the Food Administration do to support the war?
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increased agricultural production and conserved food supplies
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What did Herbert Hoover promise to encourage agricultural production?
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high prices for production
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What was the War Industries Board responsible for?
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allocating scarce materials and establishing production priorities
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How did World War I affect immigration to the United States?
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immigration decreased
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How did American workers respond to the labor shortage?
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increased unionization of workers as they began demanding higher wages and better benefits
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What other efforts did citizens make to support the war effort?
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1. conserved energy 2. recycling 3. planted victory garden
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What were founded to give boys and girls the opportunity to support the war?
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Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts
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What was the Great Migration?
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African Americans moving northward to get better jobs
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What was the Committee on Public Information?
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developed propaganda and increased support for the war effort
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What happened to German Americans during World War I?
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many lost their jobs
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What were some examples of Anti-German sentiment in America during World War I?
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1. German books were burned 2. German language courses were cancelled 3. German food not allowed 4. German music not allowed 5. German artwork not displayed
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What were the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act?
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laws outlawing treason making it illegal to speak, print, write, or publish any discontent against the war effort
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Did the Supreme Court rule that the Espionage Act and Sedition Act were constitutional or a violation of the First Amendment?
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constitutional
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In 1917, the Allies launched an offensive to break the deadlock. Did it succeed?
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No, decreasing morale in Russia and France
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What happened in Russia as a result of the failed offensive in 1917?
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Russian citizens protested the war overthrowing the Czar
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What was Germany able to do after signing a peace treaty with Russia?
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concentrate their full military on France
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Who won the Second Battle of the Marne River in 1918?
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Germany
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What happened in 1918 that stopped Germany's offensive?
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United States entered World War I
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What was the first offensive of the Allies with the United States that was the turning point of World War I?
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Battle of the Argonne Forest
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Who won the Battle of the Argonne Forest?
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United States and the Allies
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After the defeat at Argonne, what did Germany do?
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Surrender
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At the Paris Peace Conference, what did the Allied Prime Ministers insist?
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Germany bear the financial cost of the war
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What did President Wilson insist at the Paris Peace Conference?
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German leaders report to the League of Nations
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What countries were created as a result of the break up of the Ottoman Empire?
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Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
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Did Congress support the Treaty of Versailles?
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No, League of Nations was established without United States support
