Glencoe World History Chapter 2 – Flashcards
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Tigris River
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A river in southwestern Asia that flows through the eastern part of the Fertile Crescent; parallel to the Euphrates River
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Euphrates River
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A river in southwestern Asia that flows through the southern part of the Fertile Crescent; parallel to the Tigris River
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Mesopotamia
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the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers;birthplace of the Sumerian civilization
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Fertile Crescent
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an arc of fertile farmland in Southwest Asia between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf
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Sumerians
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the creators of the first Mesopotamian civilization
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Polytheistic
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worshipping or believing in more than one god
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Uruk
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an independent city in Mesopotamia
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City-states
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the basic units of Sumerian civilization
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Ziggurat
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a large, stepped platform topped by a temple dedicated to the city's chief god or goddess
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Theocracy
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government by divine authority
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Cuneiform
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an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia by the Sumerians
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Akkadians
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"Semitic people" north of the Sumerian city-states
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Sargon
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leader of the Akkadians, overran the sumerian city-states and set up the first empire in world history
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Empire
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a large political unit, usually under a single leader, that controls many peoples or territories
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Babylon
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a city-state south of Akkad
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Hammurabi
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Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia
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Patriarchal
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Dominated by men.
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Code of Hammurabi
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the set of laws drawn up by Babylonian king Hammurabi dating to the 18th century BC, the earliest legal code known in its entirety
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Nile River
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The world's longest river, which flows northward through East Africa into the Mediterranean Sea
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Lower Egypt
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the Nile Delta region in the northern section of Africa
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Upper Egypt
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the land upstream, to the south
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King Menes
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According to legend it was this person who united Upper and Lower Egypt
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Dynasty
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a family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family
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Pharaoh
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the title of the ancient Egyptian kings
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Bureaucracy
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an administrative organization with officials and regular procedures
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Vizier
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a high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries
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Mummification
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a process of slowly drying a dead body to prevent it from rotting
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Giza
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an ancient Egyptian city; the site of the Great Pyramid
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Hyksos
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nomadic people from Asia who conquered and ruled ancient Egypt between 1650 and 1550 B.C
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Hatshepsut
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one of the first woman to become pharoh; built a great temple at Deir el-Bahri, near Thebes
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Akhenaten
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early ruler of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with Aten, the sun god.
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Tutankhamen
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a 10 year old pharaoh who ruled for nine years and then died unexpectantly; restored the old gods
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Ramses II
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powerful pharoah who kept Egypt together during invasion; helped to regain control of Palestine
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Cleopatra VII
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tried to reestablish Egypt's independence; her involvement with Rome led to her suicide and defeat
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Hieroglyphics
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"priest-carvings" or "sacred writing"; a complex system of writing that used in ancient Egypt
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Hieratic Script
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simplified version of hieroglyphics used in ancient Egypt for business transactions, record keeping, and the general needs of daily life
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Pastoral Nomads
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a person who domesticates animals for food and clothing and moves along regular migratory routes to provide a steady source of nourishment for those animals
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Indo-Europeans
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one of the most inportant nomadic people
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Hittites
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created an empire in western Asian and threatened the power of the Egyptians; were the first Indo-Europeans to use iron
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Phoenicians
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located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform
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Israelites
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semitic-speaking people that influenced other religions with theirs of Judaism
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Jerusalem
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capital of Israel
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King Solomon
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son of King David, the King that expanded the government and army and encouraged trade
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Monotheistic
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believing that there is only one god
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Assyrians
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Semitic-speaking people who exploited the use of iron weapons to establish an empire
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King Nebuchadnezzar
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rebuilt Babylon to the greatest city of the time
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Persians
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Indo-European who lived in now what is called Iran, created one of the largest empires of the world
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Cyrus
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Persian Empire's 1st emperor
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Darius
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came to throne in 521 B.C. He reorganized the government to make it work better. He divided the empire into 20 provinces. Each was ruled by an official with the title of satrap.
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Satrapies
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the 20 states into which Darius divided the Persian Empire
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Satrap
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a governor of a province in ancient Persia
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Royal Road
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a road in the Persian Empire that Darius orgainized stretching over 1,600 miles from Lydia to Susa
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Immortals
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best trained Persian soldiers; named Immortals because when any of them died, they were instantly replaced
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Monarchy
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rule by a king or queen
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Zoroaster
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Persian prophet who founded Zoroastrianism (628-551 BC)
