ESOL teacher certification exam study guide – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
BICS
answer
Basic interpersonal communication skills
question
CALP
answer
Cognitive academic language proficiency
question
BICS defined
answer
Language skills needed in social situations. Day to day language. 6 months-2 yes for proficiency.
question
CALP defined
answer
Formal academic learning. 5-7 yrs for proficiency
question
Culture
answer
Individual or groups values, beliefs, notions about behavior. Specific way of knowing, being, and doing.
question
Polychronic time
answer
Groups tradition about open and flexible concept of time
question
Monochronic
answer
Groups beliefs about making careful use of time.
question
External elements of culture
answer
Shelter, clothing, food, arts, literature, religion, government, technology, primary language
question
Internal elements of culture
answer
Values, customs, morals, beliefs, expectations, rituals, nonverbal communication, gender roles, status, social roles, leisure, family structure, work patterns.
question
Acculturation
answer
Stages immigrants go through while getting used to a new language and adapting to the mainstream culture
question
What are the stages of acculturation?
answer
Honeymoon phase-excitement Culture shock- overwhelmed Adjustment stage- balancing of new and native culture Acceptance- identifying with new culture.
question
Assimilation
answer
Ells absorbed in dominant culture; negative
question
Biculturism
answer
Successfully adapting to two diff cultures even though they may be diff from one another.
question
Accommodation
answer
Mainstream culture adapts and minority culture accepts some change.
question
PLC
answer
Parent leadership council
question
Purpose of PLC
answer
Encourage parental involvement and participation in the implementation of ELL programs. The PLC helps to inform parents of ELL of opportunities to be involved in their child's education. Parents, teachers, District level employees, and ELL teachers should be involved in PLC's.
question
Linguistics
answer
Systematic study of language
question
Universal principle of language
answer
All languages follow the same basic rules (ex. Noun + verb)
question
3 dimensions of language
answer
Form, function, use
question
Phonology
answer
Study of sounds
question
Phonological rules
answer
Relationships between sounds. (Ex. "gh" in "cough" has a diff sound than the "gh" in the word "although"
question
Phoneme
answer
Smallest part of spoken language that makes a difference in the meaning of words.
question
Morphology
answer
Study of words; smallest unit of meaning.
question
Morphemes
answer
Smallest meaningful unit of language.
question
2 kinds of morphemes
answer
Free morphemes and bound morphemes
question
Free morphemes
answer
A morpheme that can stand on its own (ex. House)
question
Bound morpheme
answer
Parts of words that can't be uttered alone with meaning (ex. pre)
question
2 types of bound morphemes
answer
Derivational and inflection
question
Derivational morpheme
answer
Words change meaning once bound morpheme is added (ex. Happy, happiness; termination; determination)
question
Inflection morpheme
answer
Words stay the same but with grammar change. (Ex. Run, running, runs)
question
Complex words
answer
Word consisting of 2 or more morphemes (ex. Runs = run {free morpheme} + s {bound morpheme})
question
Allamorph
answer
Morpheme creating diff sounds (ex. "S" in dogs sounds diff than "s" in hats)
question
Semantics
answer
Study of meaning; word relationships; sentence relationships
question
Polysemy
answer
Same word, multiple meanings
question
Homophony; homonyms
answer
One word with diff meaning and meanings are completely irrelevant. (Ex. Bark-sound dogs make; bark-outer layer of tree)
question
Homophone
answer
Two or more words that sound the same but have diff meaning and spelling (ex. To, two, too)
question
Homographs
answer
Words that are spelled the same but have more than one meaning and sound diff too.
question
Paraphrase
answer
Two sentences written differently but have the same meaning.
question
Entailment
answer
Two sentences, one sentence entails another.
question
Mutual entailment
answer
Each sentence entails another. Both sentence must be true for the other to be true. (John is married to Rachel; Rachel is John's wife)
question
Asymmetrical entailment
answer
Only one sentence had to be true for the other to be true but isn't necessarily true (ex. John is married; Rachel is John's wife)
question
Pragmatics
answer
Language used in context. Rules in social communication.
question
Pragmatics involve 3 major communication skills
answer
Using language - greeting, informing, demanding, requesting, promising. Changing language - talking to a baby vs an adult Talking to a coworker vs. talking to a friend Following rules- taking turns in a conversation, staying on topic, eye contact, facial expressions, nonverbal signals
question
Syntax
answer
Structure of sentences
question
Simple sentences
answer
One single independent clause
question
Compound sentences
answer
Two independent clauses joined by a conjunction (BOAS- but or and so)
question
Complex sentenxes
answer
Independent and dependent clause (that, because, while, although, where, if)
question
Discourse
answer
Written and oral communication
question
3 first language acquisition theories
answer
Behaviorist, innatist, interactionist
question
Behaviorist
answer
(Skinner) children learn by imitating and repeating what they hear.
question
Innatist
answer
(Chomsky) humans are destined to speak. It is an innate skill humans are born with. Universal Grammar
question
Interactionist
answer
(Piaget, Vigotsky) cognitive theory- language is acquired within context of intellectual development.
question
Stages of language acquisition
answer
Pre-speech (infancy), babbling (several months of age), one word stage (9months-18months), combining words (18 months-2yrs)
question
SRR
answer
Stimulus, response, reinforcement. Behavior can be learned with SRR (Skinner)
question
Jim Cummins
answer
BICS and CALP
question
Overextension
answer
Redundancy in a word. (Ex. Dog is used to describe any creature with 4 legs; (go, goed; good, gooder)
question
Referential
answer
Names of objects
question
Expressive
answer
Personal desire of interaction (bye bye, hi)
question
Bilingual education
answer
Teaching ELL students in their native language while also teaching English.
question
Sheltered instruction
answer
Integration of English language and subject area content. Access to mainstream, grade level content and promote English language proficiency.
question
Inclusion
answer
Ell students join mainstream group of students. They learn with their peers. Federal legislation mandates inclusion of ells
question
6 stages of language acquisition
answer
Pre-production, early production, speech emergent, beginning fluency, intermediate fluency, advanced fluency
question
CUP
answer
Common underlying proficiency (Jim Cummins) primary language promotes the transfer of the second language.
question
SUP
answer
Separate underlying proficiency- proficiency in English is separate from proficiency in primary language.
question
Overgeneralization
answer
The application of a grammatical rule in cases where it doesn't apply. (Ex. Go, goed)
question
Interlanguage
answer
The type of language produced by the ELL who are in the process of learning a language.
question
Simplification
answer
Changing a word to simplify the language but this becomes an error bc the meaning changes.
question
Avoidance
answer
A communication strategy where the learner avoids a topic bc they lack necessary vocabulary or language skill.
question
Circumlocution
answer
The use of many words where fewer words would do. Not getting to the point bc one lacked the knowledge of the topic.
question
Internal factors of English acquisition
answer
Age, personality, intrinsic motivation, experiences, cognition, native language
question
External factors of English acquisition
answer
Curriculum, instruction, culture and status, extrinsic motivation, access to native speakers.
question
Grammar translation
answer
Study of grammatical aspects of language and the use of translation as a means of comprehension. Memorizing vocab words, grammar rules. Also called classical Method.
question
SIOP
answer
Sheltered instruction observation protocol
question
Sheltered instruction observation protocol (SIOP)
answer
Researched based model consisting of 8 interrelated components: lesson preparation, building background, comprehensible input, strategies, interaction, application, lesson delivery, assessment
question
Sheltered instruction
answer
Integrates language instruction with content instruction.
question
CALLA
answer
Cognitive academic language learning approach
question
Cognitive academic language learning approach (calla)
answer
Integrates language development, content area instruction, and explicit instruction in learning strategies. Relies on scaffolding.
question
TPR
answer
Total physical response
question
Total physical response (TPR)
answer
People learn better when they are involved physically and mentally. TPR requires teacher to teach using command and student respond physically.
question
Natural approach
answer
Main goal is to develop immediate communicative competency. Classroom designed to encourage communication.
question
Communicative language teaching
answer
Learning a new language successfully comes through having to communicate real meaning.
question
Audio-lingual method
answer
Memorization of a series of dialogue to learn the new language. "script".
question
Direct method
answer
No use of native language is allowed. Complete immersion. Use of visuals, objects, and realia to make input comprehensible.
question
Scaffolding
answer
Appropriate assistance given in order to achieve what alone would have been too difficult.
question
Zone of proximal development
answer
(Vigotsky) gap between the learner's current problem solving ability and the learner's potential level
question
LEP
answer
Limited English proficient
question
Krashen's affective filter hypothesis
answer
Emotions are directly related to English acquisition.
question
Preproduction stage
answer
Stage 1 of English acquisition: up to 6 months, understands 500 words but may not talk. "Silent period";
question
Early production stage
answer
Stage 2: 6 months after the first stage. Understands and uses 1,000 words. Speaks in small phrases. Answers with "yes" or "no"; answers who/what/where type questions.
question
Speech emergent
answer
Stage 3: lasts another yr. 3,000 words. Develops short phrases and simple sentences.
question
Intermediate language proficiency
answer
Stage 4: another yr. 6,000 words, develops complex sentences, states opinion, share thoughts.
question
Advanced Language proficiency
answer
5-7 yrs. participates in grade level activities with little support. Comparable to native speaking peers
