question

process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of an individual's experience

answer

Learning

question

process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses

answer

conditioning

question

explains how certain stimuli can trigger an automatic response deals with behaviors that are elicited automatically by some stimulus: doesn't produce a new behavior but rather causes an existing behavior to occur almost always involves a reflex: when dog started salivating before the food was placed on its tongue - learned stimulus process of learning an association between two stimuli: pairing a neutral stimulus with an unlearned (natural) one - if they are continuously paired together than eventually the neutral stimulus demonstrates the same conditions as the natural stimulus

answer

classical conditioning

question

helps understand how we acquire new, voluntary actions explains how we acquire the wide range of voluntary behaviors that we perform in daily life -Skinner avoided the word voluntary because it implied that the behavior was due to a conscious choice or intention

answer

operant conditioning

question

how we acquire new behaviors by observing the actions of others

answer

observational learning

question

physiologist - famous for his work with dogs make a dog salivate: put food on its tongue - after a few days the dog starting salivating before the food was put on his tongue

answer

Ivan Pavlov

question

a largely involuntary, automatic response to an external stimulus

answer

reflex

question

the natural stimulus that reflexively produces a response without prior learning - UCS

answer

unconditioned stimulus

question

UCR - the unlearned, reflexive response

answer

Unconditioned Response

question

CS - stimulus that is originally neutral but comes to elect a reflexive response

answer

Conditioned Stimulus

question

CR - learned reflexive response to a previously neutral stimulus

answer

conditioned response

question

-frequency: the more times that two items were paired together the stronger the association is between the two -timing of the stimulus: affects the strength of the conditioned response: conditioning most effective when the CS was presented immediately before the UCS (1/2 a second is the ideal amnt of time)

answer

Factors that could affect the strength of the conditioned response..

question

stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus also elicit the conditioned response - even though they have never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus

answer

Stimulus Generalization

question

particular conditioned response is mdd to one stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli

answer

stimulus discrimination

question

second-order conditioning a CS could itself function as an unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial the new CS has never been paired with the UCS - paired with the first initial stimulus that is why it elicits a response

answer

higher order conditioning

question

process of decline and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response the conditioned response would reappear if the stimuli was presented

answer

Extinction

question

reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of times without exposure to the CS

answer

Spontaneous recovery

question

behaviorism strongly believed that psychology should be redefined as the scientific study of behavior embraced Pavlov's conditioned reflex idea believed that all human behavior is a result of conditioning and learning - due to past experience and environmental influence after his wife divorced him for an affair - he went into the advertising world and invented the "sex appeal" - wanted to bring about an emotion response from people who are watching the commercial

answer

John Watson

question

Watson's experiment of Pavlov's classical conditioning on humans 9 m.o - healthy: no fear when presented with rat, rabbit, dog or monkey: but he was terrified of loud sounds 2 months later - condition Albert to be afraid of the rat: every time reached for the rat they would clang the metal bar behind his head (UCS) and scare albert (CR) Albert not only afraid of rat, but also other furry animals and objects

answer

Little Albert

question

-experiment was not carefully designed or conducted: Albert's fear was subjectively evaluated by Watson and Rayner -ethnical grounds: did not help Albert alleviate these fears

answer

Criticism of Little Albert

question

mental processes as well as external events are important components in the learning of new behaviors

answer

cognitive perspective

question

stimuli that can not be used to predict when an event is going to occur because of their unreliability

answer

unreliable signal

question

1968 experiment one group of rats heard a tone (CS) - paired with electrical shock (UCS) second group - same number of tone-shock pairings but also received an additional 20 shock shocks with no tone result: the rats in the first group displayed a much stronger fear response to the tone than the ones in the second group Why? - classical conditioning depends on information that the conditioned stimulus provides about UCS CS must be a reliable signal that predicts the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus: tone was more reliable for the first group

answer

Robert A Rescorla

question

the animal behaves like a scientist - detecting casual relations among events and using a range of information about hose events to make the relevant inferences

answer

What does Rescorla's research show?

question

both physical characteristics and the natural behavior patterns of any species have been shaped by evolution to maximize adaptation to the environment

answer

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

question

when one avoids eating a dish and feels uncomfortable when smelling or even is near the food violates two principles of natural conditioning: 1. there are not repeated pairings 2. the time span between the two stimuli was several hours - not seconds

answer

taste aversion

question

illustrated that taste aversions could be produced in laboratory rats under controlled conditions

answer

John Garcia

question

1. rats drank saccharin-flavored water (NS) 2. hours later - injected with drug (UCS) which produces gastrointestinal distress (UCR) 3. after recovering - they refused to drink the flavored water again his results have been replicated many times

answer

Garcia's Experiment

question

Pavlov suggested that any natural phenomenon can be converted into a CS Garcia - particular CS that is used does make a difference in classical conditioning -rats more likely to associate a painful stimulus with an external stimuli -rats more likely to associate a taste stimulus with internal stimuli (illness)

answer

Difference between Garcia and Pavlov

question

the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses taste aversions can be classically conditioned more readily that can more arbitrary associations

answer

biological preparedness

question

used cats, chicks and dogs years before Pavlov to investigate how voluntary behaviors are acquired set the stage for Skinner first psychologist to systematically investigate animal learning and how voluntary behaviors are influenced by their consequences his dissertation focused on whether animals use reasoning to solve problems

answer

Edward D. Thorndike

question

Skinner developed operant conditioning - another form of conditioning that explains how we acquire and maintain voluntary behaviors wanted to explain order in behavior - psychology should restrict itself to studying only phenomena that could be objectively measured and verified acknowledge the existence of internal factors (thoughts, beliefs, emotions or motives) - can not be used to explain behaviors admired Pavlov's work - he thought that he found a classical conditioning that is more applicable to learning in the modern world

answer

BF Skinner

question

he put hungry cats into cages that he called "puzzle boxes" -when cat first put into the box - engage in many different random behaviors to escape -cat would then accidentally pull on the loop or step on the lever opening the door and escaping from the box he explained their learning as a process of trial and error not humanlike insight or reasoning

answer

Thorndike's Experiment

question

responses followed by a satisfying state of affairs are strengthened and more likely to occur again in the same situation responses followed by an unpleasant or annoying state of affairs are weakened and less likely to occur again

answer

Law of effect

question

any active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences

answer

operant

question

occurs when a stimulus or an event follows an operant and increase the likelihood of the operant being repeated defined by the effect is produces operant - active response emitted reinforcer - the stimulus or event that is sought in a particular situation: something desirable, satisfying or pleasant

answer

reinforcement

question

think of in terms of a + sign: something is added the process of following an operant with the addition of a reinforcing stimulus a response is strengthened because something is added or presented ex. doing a student production for extra credit

answer

positive reinforcement

question

- sign: something is removed when an operant is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus a response is strengthened because something is being subtracted or removed ex. two aspirins (operant) remove a headache (aversive stimulus) situations are (-) reinforced when they allow: 1. escape aversive stimuli that are already present 2. avoid aversive stimuli before they occur

answer

negative reinforcement

question

typically involve physical or psychological discomfort that an organism seeks to escape or avoid

answer

aversive stimuli

question

one that is naturally reinforcing for a given species even if an individual has not had prior experience with the particular stimulus - the stimulus still has reinforcing properties

answer

primary reinforcer

question

secondary reinforcer one that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer

answer

conditioned reinforcer

question

process in which a behavior is followed by an aversive consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behavior's being repeated always decreases the future performance of an operant

answer

punishment

question

-Skinner invented -positive punishment -response being followed by the presentation of an aversive stimulus -touching a hot iron, live electrical wires are natural punishing stimuli

answer

punishment by application

question

-negative punishment -what is being removed is the loss or withdrawal of a reinforcing stimulus following a behavior punishment is defined by the effect that is produces

answer

punishment by removal

question

-more effective if it immediately follows a response than if its delays -more effect if it is consistent

answer

What influences the effectiveness of punishment?

question

-may decrease a specific response but it doesn't necessarily teach or promote a more appropriate response in its place -intense punishment may produce undesirable results -likely to be temperery

answer

Drawbacks of punishment

question

the specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular operant is more likely to be reinforced

answer

discriminative stimulus

question

individual behavior is determined by environmental stimuli and the person's reinforcement history in that environment

answer

How does Skinner believe that behavior is determined and controlled?

question

that ideas such as free will, self determination and individual choices are just allusions behavior is determined by the environment

answer

What was Skinner's most radical and controversial belief?

question

He believed that this was the idea that all individuals are help responsible for their conduct and given credit for their achievements

answer

What is the traditional prescientific view of the human behavior according to skinner?

question

a movement that advocates turning daily life into a kind of virtual reality game "points" or other conditioned reinforcers are awarded to reward healthy or productive behaviors

answer

What is gamification?

question

"Skinner Box" small cage with a food dispenser - attached to the cage is a device that automatically records the number of operants made by an experimental animal

answer

operant chamber

question

a process that involves reinforcing successively closer approximations of behavior until the correct behavior is displayed

answer

shaping

question

immediate reinforcement every time the operant is used

answer

continuous reinforcement

question

responses that are only reinforced occasionally

answer

partial reinforcement

question

learned response no longer results in reinforcement the likelihood of the behavior's being repeated gradually declines

answer

extinction

question

partially reinforced behaviors tend to be more resistant to extinction than are behaviors conditioned using continuous reinforcement

answer

partial reinforcement effect

question

the collective name of the different reinforcement arrangements

answer

schedules of reinforcement

question

(FR schedule) reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses produce a high rate of responding that follows a burst pause burst pattern

answer

fixed ratio schedule

question

reinforcement occurs after an average number of responses, which varies from trial to trial the number of responses on any given trial is unpredictable - but over repeated trials the ratio of responses to reinforcers works out to the predetermined average produce high, steady rates of responding with hardly any pausing between trials or after reinforcement

answer

variable ratio schedule

question

reinforcer is delivered for the first response emitted after the preset time interval has elapsed produce a scallop shaped pattern of responding - number of responses increases as the time for the next reinforcers draw near

answer

fixed interval schedule

question

reinforcement occurs for the first response emitted after an average amount of time has elapsed - interval varies from trial to trial unpredictable nature - produce moderate but steady rates of responding

answer

variable interval schedule

question

the application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors involves applying the principles of operant conditioning to bring about changes in behavior ex. reduce public smoking in teenagers, reduce problem behavior in school children

answer

behavior modifications

question

believed that cognitive processes played an important role in the learning of complex behaviors - even in lowly laboratory rats cognitive processes can be experimentally verified and inferred by careful observation of outward behavior rats in mazes: built up a cognitive map of the maze - a mental representation of the layout rewards(reinforcement) is not necessary for learning to take place: Group 3 Rats learned the course just by walking it for three days

answer

Edward C. Tolman

question

learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior

answer

latent learning

question

young psychology graduate students explained the dogs' passive behavior to the shocks -with the tone-shock pairings in the classical conditioning setup: dogs had learned that shocks were inescapable (learned to be helpless - developed the cognitive expectation that their behavior would have no effect on the environment)

answer

Steven F. Maier and Martin Seligman

question

a phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and incontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior

answer

learned helplessness

question

established a successful business training animals for TV commercials noticed that non reinforced behaviors seemed to reflect innate, instinctive responses learned that reinforcement is not the sole determinant of behavior

answer

What did Keller and Marian Breland do?

question

when natural behaviors interfere with the operant behaviors people are trying to condition

answer

instinctive drift

question

psychologist most strongly identified with observational learning believes that observational learning is there exult of cognitive processes that are "actively judgmental and constructive" - not just mechanical copying experiment - four year old children separately watched a short firm showing an adult playing aggressively w/ a bobo doll - three different versions 1. adult reinforced with soft drinks 2. adult was punished 3. adult experienced no consequences the child who watched the 2nd movie was much less likely to attack the doll in a violent manner when left alone in the toy room conclusion: reinforcement in not essential for learning to occur - expectation of reinforcement affects the performance of what has been learned -must pay attention to the other person's behavior -remember the other person's behavior so that you can perform it at a later time -transform this mental representation into actions that you are capable of reproducing (three steps necessary for learning to take place through observational learning) -motivation for you to imitate the behavior

answer

Albert Bandura

question

determined by Giacomo Rizzolatti neurons that fire both when an action is performed and when the action is simply perceived imitate the observed action as if the observer was actually carrying out the action

answer

mirror neurons

question

examined the impact of TV portrayals of sexual activity on the behavior of US adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 over two years - adolescents who watched large amounts of television containing sexual content were twice as likely to begin engaging in sexual behavior in the following year

answer

Rebecca Collins Experiment

Informative Essay on Psychology Chapter 5 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards