Pyschology Chapter 8 – Flashcards
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Motivation
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The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.
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Extrinsic Motivation
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Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person.
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Intrinsic Motivation
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Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.
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Instincts
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The biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals.
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Instinct Approach
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Approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals.
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Need
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A requirement of some material ( such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism.
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Drive
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A psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is am need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension.
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Drive-Reduction Theory
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Approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal.
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Primary Drives
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Those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst.
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Acquired (secondary) Drives
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Those drives that are leaned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval.
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Homeostasis
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The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state.
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Need for Achievement (nAch)
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A need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones.
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Need for Affiliation (nAff)
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The need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others.
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Need for Power (nPow)
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The need to have control or influence over others.
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Stimulus Motive
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A motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity.
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Arousal Theory
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Theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation.
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
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law stateing performance is related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high. This effect varies with the deifficulty of the task: Easy tasks require a high-moderate level whereas more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level.
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Sensation Seeker
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Someone who needs more arousal than the average person.
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Incentives
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Things that attract or lure people into action.
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Incentive Approaches
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Theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties.
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Expectancy-Value Theories
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Incentive theories that assume the actions of humans cannot be predicted or fully understood without understanding the beliefs, values, and the importance that a person attaches to those beliefs and values at any given moment in time.
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Self-Actualization
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According to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential.
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Peak Experiences
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According to Maslow, times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved.
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Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
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Theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action.
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Psychoactive Drugs
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drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory.
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Physical Dependence
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Condition occurring when a person's body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug.
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Withdrawal
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Physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems.
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Psychological Dependence
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The feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being.
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Stimulants
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Drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system.
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Depressants
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Drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system.
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Narcotics
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A class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins.
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Hallucinogenics
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Drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication.
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Amphetamines
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Stimulants that are synthesized (made) in laboratories rather than being found in nature.
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Cocaine
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A natural drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant.
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Nicotine
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The active ingredient in tobacco.
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Caffeine
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A mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, and several other plant-based substances.
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Barbiturates
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Depressant drugs that have a sedative effect.
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Benzodiazepines
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Drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress.
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Alcohol
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The chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter.
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Opium
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Substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived.
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Morphine
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Narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain.
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heroin
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narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive.
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Hallucinogens
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Drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality.
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LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
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Powerful Synthetic hallucinogen.
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PCP
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Synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects.
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MDMA (Ecstasy or X)
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Designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects.
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Stimulatory Hallucinogenics
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Drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects.
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Mescaline
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Natural hallucinogen derived from the peyote cactus buttons.
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Psilocybin
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Natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms.
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Marijuana
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Mild hallucinogen (also known as pot or weed) derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant.
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Sexual Deviance
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behavior that is unacceptable according to societal norms and expectations.
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Sexual Orientation
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A person's sexual attraction and affection for members of either the opposite or the same sex.
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Heterosexual
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Person attracted to the opposite sex.
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Homosexual
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Person attracted to the same sex.
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Bisexual
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Person attracted to both men and women.
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Emotion
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The "feeling" aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings.
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Display Rules
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Learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings.
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion
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Theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion.
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Cannon-bard Theory of Emotion
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Theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time.
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Cognitive Arousal Theory
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Theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced.
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis
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Theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes an intensifies the emotions.
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Cognitive-Mediational Theory
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Theory of emotion in which a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction.
