Combo with Chapter 12: Close Relationships and 2 others – Flashcards
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Passionate Love (Romantic Love)
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strong feelings of longing, desire, and excitement toward a special person
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companionate Love (Affectionate Love)
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mutual understanding and caring to make the relationship succeed
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Passion
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an emotional state characterized by high bodily arousal, such as increased heart rate and blood pressure
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Intimacy
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a feeling of closeness, mutual understanding, and mutual concern for each other's welfare and happiness
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Commitment
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a conscious decision that remains constant
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Exchange Relationships
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relationships based on reciprocity and fairness, in which people expect something in return
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Communal Relationships
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relationships based on mutual love and concern, without expectation of repayment
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Attachment Theory
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a theory that classifies people into four attachment styles (secure,preoccupied,dismissing avoidant, and fearful avoidant)based on two dimensions (anxiety and avoidance
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Secure Attachment
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style of attachment in which people are low on anxiety and low on avoidance; they trust their partners,share their feelings, provide and receive support and comfort, and enjoy their relationships
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Preoccupied Attachment
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style of attachment in which people are low on avoidance but high on anxiety; they want and enjoy closeness but worry that their relationship partners will abandon them
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Dismissing avoidant attachment
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style of attachment in which peole are low on anxiety but high on avoidance; they tent ot view partners as unreliable, unavailable, and uncaring
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fearful avoidant attachment
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style of attachment in which people have both high anxiety and high avoidance; they have low opinions of themselves and keep others from getting closes
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Self-Acceptance
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regarding yourself as being a reasonably good person as you are
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investment model
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theory that uses three factors-satisfaction, alternatives, and investments- to explain why people stay with their long-term relationship partners
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Relationship-Enhancing style of attribution
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tendency of happy couples to attribute their partner's good acts to internal factors and bad acts to external factors
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Distress-Maintaining style of attribution
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tendency of unhappy couples to attribute their partner's good acts to external factors and bad acts to internal factors
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Social Consturctionist Theories
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theories asserting that attitudes and behaviors, including sexual desire and sexual behavior, are strongly shaped by culture and socialization
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Evolutionary Theory
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theory of sexuality asserting that the sex drive has been shaped by natural selection and that its forms thus tend to be innate
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Social Exchange Theory
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theory that seeds to understand social behavior by analyzing the costs and benefits of interacting with each other; it assumes that sex is a resource that women have and men want
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Coolidge Effect
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the sexually arousing power of a new partner (greater than the appeal of a familiar partner)
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Erotic Plasticity
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the degree to which the sex drive can be shaped and altered by social, cultural, and situational forces
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extradyadic sex
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having sex with someone other than one's regular relationship partner, such as a spouse or boy/girlfriend
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Social Reality
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beliefs held in common by several or many people; public awareness
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Paternity Uncertainty
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the fact that a man cannot be sure that the children born to his female partner are his
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Double Standard
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condemning women more than men for the same sexual behavior
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Reverse Double Standard
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condemning men more than women for the same sexual behavior
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Proximity
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physical closeness
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Proximity
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a strong predictor of attraction
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Proximity
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You are more likely to become attracted to an individual you pass in the hall every day than someone you rarely see. EXAMPLE OF?
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mere exposure effect
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means that the more we encounter someone or something (a person, a word, an image), the more likely we are to start liking the person or thing even if we do not realize we have seen it before.
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consensual validation
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explains why people are attracted to others who are similar to them. Our own attitudes and behavior are supported when someone else's attitudes and behavior are similar to ours—their attitudes and behavior validate ours.
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social role view of gender
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Asserts that social, not evolutionary, experiences have led to differences in gender behavior
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social role approach
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acknowledges the biological differences between men and women but stresses the ways these differences are played out in a range of cultures and societal contexts.
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romantic love.
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also called passionate love, is love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and it often predominates in the early part of a love relationship
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Romantic love.
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Berscheid judges sexual desire to be the most important ingredient of....
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Affectionate love
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is the type of love that occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another person and desires to have that person near.
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Affectionate love
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There is a growing belief that the early stages of love have more romantic ingredients and that as love matures, passion tends to give way to affection
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Social exchange theory
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is based on the notion of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.
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equity
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the most important predictor of relationship success is....
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equity
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that is, having both partners feel that each is doing his or her "fair share."
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Social Exchange Theory
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asserts that we keep a mental balance sheet, tallying the plusses and minuses associated with our romantic partner—what we put in ("I paid for our last date") and what we get out ("He brought me flowers").
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equity
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As relationships progress, however, ____ may no longer apply. Happily married couples are less likely to keep track of "what I get versus what I give," and they avoid thinking about the costs and benefits of their relationships
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The Investment Model
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examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships
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The Investment Model
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From this perspective, long-term relationships are likely to continue when both partners are committed to, and have invested a great deal in, the relationship and when there are few tempting alternatives—other attractive partners—around.
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close relationships
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Along with good health and happiness, ____ are prominent in most people's notions of a good life.
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Proximity
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is a good predictor of attraction.
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mere exposure effect
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states that the more someone comes in contact with something, the more likely it is that they will start liking it.
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mere exposure effect
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Individuals are more likely to be attracted to someone that they will be meeting. And individuals are also more likely to be attracted to people who already like them.
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Consensual validation
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Individuals like to associate with people who are similar to themselves.
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Consensual validation
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is explained when an individual's attitudes and behavior are supported and when another individual's attitudes and behavior are similar to their own.
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procreate.
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From an evolutionary perspective, the goal for both men and women is to ....
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quantity; quality
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Men focus on the ____of sexual partners, women on the ____ and will look for a mate who will invest his resources in her and her offspring.
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Romantic love
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has strong components of sexuality and infatuation; it often occurs early in a relationship.
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Affectionate love
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is the type of love that occurs when individuals desire to have the other person near and to have a deep, caring affection for that person.
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passion; friendship; affection.
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Men think of love in terms of ____, whereas women think of love in terms of ___. Both sexes view love in terms of ___.
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premarital relationships.
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Men fall in love more quickly and easily than women. They are less likely to break up....
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The United States
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has the highest divorce rate of any nation in the world.
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divorce
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Couples that marry after age 20, come from stable two-parent homes, and are well and similarly educated are less likely to....
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social exchange theory
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is based on the notion of an exchange of goods. The objective in social interactions is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.
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satisfaction.
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Early in a relationship, equity is a good predictor of......
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costs and benefits
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Married couples are less likely to think about the ___ and ____ of their relationship.
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investment model
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examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships.
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attractive alternatives around.
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Long-term relationships are more likely to continue when both partners are committed and invested in the relationship and when there are few .....
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role relationships
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relationships that last for a specific time/reason; interchangeable relationship (people in the roles can change but the relationship still functions the same) EX: someone working on your car, once your car is fixed you don't continue communication - specific purpose for your interaction
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close relationships
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irreplaceable relationship, satisfy each others needs, form a connection - emotional attachment EX: child and a parent
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content of the interactions
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what people talk about and do in their relationships
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diversity of interactions
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number of different experiences that they share together EX: go to places together, play sports together, go out to eat, talk about interests, etc.
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qualitities of interactions
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how they talk to each other - the level of affection Direct: telling how you feel Indirect: showing how you feel instead of telling them straight forward
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intimacy of the interactions
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how close are they; private things shared between one another like inside jokes, different experiences they had together, nonverbal behaviors shared like - hold hands with the one you love
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partners' perception of the interactions
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how the partners feel about each other based on similar beliefs, understandings, views, etc.
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commitment reflected in the interactions
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how committed they are to the relationship and how they feel the other is committed how they open up to one another
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satisfaction expressed in the interactions
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how the partners show they are satisfied, how they feel about the other person
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relationships as cultural performances
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how a relationship is defined by elements surrounding them (culturally); involves public and private exchanges falls into cultural and social norms
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relationships as cognitive constructs: Relationship Scripts
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guideline for how relationships progress throughout time; makes it easier to know what to do in certain situations, helps with behaviors
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relationships as cognitive constructs: Two Levels of Mental Images of Relationships
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1. Basic: people are aware of each other and know they are in a relationship 2. Complex: specific order of events - 1.) communication between the partners becomes more predictable due to time spent together 2.) partners understand a past, present, and future together; "carrying the relationship with you" if something good happens in the past, you want to remember that to use in the future to bring about a good time again 3.) label of relationships EX: "This is my best friend"
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Relationships as Linguistic Constructions
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Languages influence our sense of close relationships by giving them label to help relate to one another. Figurative language helps us understand relationships by comparing them to other phenomena
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Knapp's Model: Initiating
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(Coming Together) Greeting; start of a relationship
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Knapp's Model: Experimenting
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(Coming Together) Find out things about the person; do you have things in common?
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Knapp's Model: Intensifying
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(Coming Together) Making plans together; furthering the relationship into being friends
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Knapp's Model: Integrating
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(Coming Together) Becoming apart of each other's lives
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Knapp's Model: Bonding
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(Coming Together) Togetherness; emotion
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Knapp's Model: Differentiating
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(Coming Apart) Seeing differences between each other that cause conflict
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Knapp's Model: Circumscribing
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(Coming Apart) Avoiding the issue
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Knapp's Model: Stagnating
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(Coming Apart) Negative predictability; same conversation over and over on the conflict
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Knapp's Model: Avoiding
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(Coming Apart) Avoid the person; try to get away from them
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Knapp's Model: Terminating
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(Coming Apart) Ending the relationship
