CMN010Y: Computer Mediated Communication: 1,2,3,4 – Flashcards

Shannon-Weaver Model: 1)Sender: originator of the message; source of the information 2)Encoder: transmitter, converts the message into signals 3)Channel: (MEDIUM) EX: email message, converted into binary data; travels through the internet 4)Decoder: reception place of the signal; reverses the encoding process; converts signals into a regular message (Reception) 5) Receiver: destination of the message from the sender; based on decoded message, gives feedback to the sender -if distracted by noise, will effect communication btwn sender and receiver -CMC--computer or digital devices is the channel or medium; broadly refers to digital devices

-defined as human communication that happens through the use of digital devices -atoms: physical representation of information (newspapers), have to wait your turn to read it -bits: easily reproducible with no cost at all; everyone can access online NY times at the same time

-early application that facilitates messages in the form of text -IRC clients are computer programs that a user can install on their system; these clients can communicate with chat servers to transfer messages to other clients -mainly designed for group communication in discussion forums called channels -also allows private messaging

-multi-player, real-time, virtual world -combines elements of role playing games, interactive fiction and online chat -objective: slay monsters, explore fantasy world, complete quests, go on adventures, create a story by role-playing and advance the character

-one of the earliest forms of CMC -immensely popular -text based and pictorial representation (emoticon) -additionally, video conferencing has become widely available (skype, google hangout)

-web-based services that allow individuals to construct a public or semi-public profile; articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection; view and traverse list of connections and those made by others using the system -offer more functionalities than stand-alone IM software email; most integrate IM or email functions

-heavily integrated into work and social lives -ubiquitous -Google glass -predicted that we will see explosive growth in market of wearable technology: Google glass, Apple watch

-Massively Multi-player online games (MMOs) -players interact with environment and each other -Virtual reality can simulate physical presence in places that are in the real world or imagined world; can recreate sensory experiences; can be through head mounted display -also CAVE (Computer Assisted Virtual Environment): projecters are directed to walls of a room-sized cube

-allows you to do science faster, in a completely diff way -want to use VR to enable it as a tool for scientific research -combination of three very big screens and a big floor, wear stereo glasses

-designed for group or collaborative purposes -address how collaborative activities and their coordination can be supported by means of computer systems -early forms: email, calendar, to-do list, contact management, team rooms, discussion forums, filesharing, microblogging, etc.; similar to contemporary collaborative software, like Microsoft outlook

-web application which allows people to add, modify or delete content in collaboration with others -differs from a blog -has little implicit structure allowing the structure to emerge according to the needs of the users -Wikipedia

-Social presence is the awareness of others -Media differ in their capacity to transmit nonverbal communication -the fewer the number of cues, the less social presence -Communication is effective if the medium provides the appropriate social presence for the task -Face to face>written/text based CMC; face to face provides the most social presence

-Media richness describes a medium's ability to reproduce the information sent over it --Ability to handle multiple information cues simultaneously --Ability to facilitate rapid feedback --Ability to establish a personal focus --Ability to utilize natural language -Messages: low to high equivocality (multiple and conflicting interpretations of the information), and low to high uncertainty; so: low equivocality and low uncertainty typically means a clear, well-defined situation -A richer medium is needed for equivocal and uncertain messages

-Richest Medium to Leaner Medium (top to bottom); More effective to Least Effective 1)Face-to-Face 2)Video conferencing 3)Telephone 4)2-way radio 5)Written, addressed documents (letters, emails) 6)Unaddressed documents: (Bulk mail, posters)

-CMC lacks cues to status, social norms, and etiquette in comparison to Face to face -Lack of cues make people more self-focused and increases perceived anonymity -Lack of norms, self-focus and anonymity can lead to hostile, uninhibited behavior (e.g. flaming) EX: all caps, considered as shouting (texting)

-People meeting through email rated senders as more logical, analytical and structured in comparison to sender's self perception and the perception of friends -CMC group discussions were less social-emotional and more task oriented than face to face group discussions

-technology deterministic (social presence or media richness is considered a property of the media itself, it does not vary according to the users or the communication situations) -Many other factors may influence media choice (EX: social pressure could play a significant role -Social presence or media richness may not capture new media's expanded capabilities

1)Social Presence Theory 2)Media Richness Theory 3)Reduced Social Context cues

-People are motivated to relate to one another -CMC offers less cues than Face to Face. In CMC, people will employ any available cue to form impressions (e.g. text) -transmitting social information through text based CMC takes more time than in Face to Face. Thus forming impressions takes more time in text based CMC Hypothesis: Forming impressions takes longer in CMC. Over time, as people get to know one another through text messages, CMC impressions will approximate face to face impressions

Hypothesis: Forming impressions takes longer in CMC. Over time, as people get to know one another through text messages, CMC impressions will approximate face to face impressions EX: -media channels=pipes; information travels from one end to the other -media richness (amount of available cues for each medium)=diameter of the pipe -fat pipes=Ftf, can transmit more information than thin pipes (textual CMC); given enough time, thin pipes will transmit the same amount of information as fat pipes; difference=SPEED

-one study asked participants using CMC or FtF to rate how much they felt they knew their partners -Week 1: large gap between CMC and FtF (knew partners much better than CMC), however by Week 3, CMC caught up with FtF, gap shrank -difference is in the speed

CMC is leaner or inferior to FtF communication

CMC could be as effective as FtF if given enough time

-CMC exceeds FtF interaction -CMC allows people to strategically present the self -CMC allows people to reallocate cognitive resources to composing messages; EX: send email, can't expect people to reply immediately, they can take their time in composing a response -CMC fosters behavioral confirmation processes (self-fulfilling prophecy); we behave based on expectation of the other, social data is selectively sent Hypothesis: CMC use can lead to more exaggerated impressions in comparison to FtF encounters

Hypothesis: Lack of cues in CMC promotes more neutral, undeveloped or even more negative impressions compared to FtF

Hypothesis: Impression formation is slower in CMC, but over time impressions become more developed

Hypothesis: CMC interactions can lead to exaggerated, overinflated, stereotyped impressions EX: girl in library gushing over hot fraternity guy (who was actually a girl pretending to be a guy)

-Hyperpersonal communication -Impression Management: --What motivates individuals to engage in self-presentation behaviors? --What strategies do people employ to manage impressions? -Online Deception: "I am not a fraud, but I embellish the truth"

the premise that CMC has no verbal cues and therefore obstructs the accomplishment of social functions that typically involve cues

-various communication media differ in capacity to transmit classes of NVC in addition to verbal content -the fewer number of cues a system supported, the less warmth and involvement users experienced with one another -experiments supported the theory that CMC rendered less socio-emotional content than other multi-modal forms of communication

-compared research participants responses to lifelike, cartoonish or abstract avatars on measures of presence, copresence, social presence -presence variables reflected the same result: Abstract rather than lifelike avatars stimulated the greatest presence responses