Sociology Chapter 6: Societies to Social Networks – Flashcards
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Group
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people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group.
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Society
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people who share a culture and a territory
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Hunting and Gathering Society
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a human group that depends on hunting and gathering for its survival
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Shaman
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the healing specialist of a tribe who attempts to control the spirits thought to cause a disease or injury; commonly called a witch doctor.
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Pastoral Society
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a society based on the pasturing of animals
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Horiticultural Society
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a society based on cultivating plants by the use of hand tools
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Domestication Revolution
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the first social revolution, based on domestication of plants and animals, which led to pastoral and horticultural societies.
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Agricultural Revolution
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the second social revolution, based on the invention of the plow, which led to agricultural societies
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Agricultural Society
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a society based on large-scale agriculture
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Elise Boulding
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sociologist who theorized that the change of females being subject to men was because men were in charge of plowing and the cows. Women were left with subsidiary tasks like weeding and carrying water to the fields
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Industrial Revolution
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the third revolution, occurring when machine powered by fuels replaced animal and human power
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Industrial Society
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a society based on the use of machines powered by fuels
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Herbert Blumer
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sociologist who defined industrial society as one in which goods are produced by machines powered by fuels, instead of by brute force of humans or animals.
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Postindustrial (information) Society
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a society based on information, services, and high technology, rather than on raw materials and manufacturing
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Biotech Society
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a society whose economy increasingly centers on the application of genetics to produce medicine, food, and materials
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Aggregate
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individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together.
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Category
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people who have similar characteristics
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Primary Group
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a group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation
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Secondary Group
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compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity
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Emile Durkheim
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sociologist who said that small groups help prevent anomie (Sense of not belonging) by standing as a buffer in between the individual and the larger society.
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Charles Cooley
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sociologist who termed groups in which we share close and intimate connections with the members as primary groups. Ex. Family- gives us basic orientations to life Called primary groups "springs of life." He meant that family and friends are essential to our emotional well-being.
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In-Groups
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groups toward which people feel loyalty
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Out-Groups
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groups toward which people feel antagonism
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Robert Merton
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sociologist who said that our favoritism creates a double standard because we tend to view traits in our in-groups as virtues but view the same traits in out-groups as vices.
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Reference Group
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a group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves
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Social Network
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the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together
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Clique
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a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another
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Stanley Milgram
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psychologist who based on the "small world phenomenon" study, sent letters to "starters" to see if the same letters would reach their "targets" even though the "starters" did not know the "targets" themselves. What they did is send the letters to people who they did know who might know the targets. It took an average of six jumps to reach the correct targets.
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Electronic Community
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individuals who regularly interact with one another on the Internet and who think of themselves as belonging together
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Group Dynamics
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the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals
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Small Group
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a group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other members
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Dyad
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the smallest possible group, consisting of two persons
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Triad
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a group of three people
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Coalition
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the alignment of some members of a group against others
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George Simmel
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sociologist that noted the affects of dyads, triads, and coalitions.
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Leader
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someone who influences other people
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Lloyd Howells and Selwyn Becker
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sociologists who found factors that go into our choice of leaders. Had groups of 5 people who did not know each other sit together at a rectangular table. Three sat on one side and two on the other. After discussing a topic for a certain amount of time, each group chose a leader. In their findings, 70% of leaders emerged from the two people side. The explanation is that we tend to interact more with people facing us than those to the side of us.
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Instrumental Leader
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an individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals; also known as a task-oriented leader
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Expressive Leader
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an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; also known as a socioemotional leader
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Leadership Styles
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ways in which people express their leadership
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Authoritarian Leader
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an individual who leads by giving orders
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Democratic Leader
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an individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus
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Laissez-Faire Leader
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and individual who leads by being highly permissive
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Ronald Lippitt and Ralph White
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social psychologists who carried out a study of these basic leadership styles by making examples of each type with adult leaders and assigned boys to each type of leader. Researchers found that the democratic type of leader worked best.
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Dr. Solomon Asch
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headed the Asch Experiment in which 3 lines were shown and one additional line stood as a comparison to the others. Questions comparing the lines were given to a group of people of which only one was a real volunteer and the others were "stooges" paid by Dr. Asch to purposely give the wrong answer. He wanted to see if the real volunteer would conform to the groups answers even though the volunteer was aware that their answer was wrong. Turns out that a good amount conformed to the groups answer.
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Groupthink
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a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer, in which to even suggest alternatives becomes a sign of disloyalty.
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Irving Janis
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sociologist who used groupthink as a term to refer to the tunnel vision that group members sometimes develop. They begin to think alike and that one view point is right and the rest are wrong.
