question

The commonly understood pattern of interaction that serves as a model of behavior in familiar situations is

answer

social script

question

When college students report that "on a first date, men are supposed to drive to the activities," their agreement shows their knowledge of the expected behavior, or the

answer

social script

question

All of the following are among the factors that your text mentions as leading to changing scripts for dating, EXCEPT

answer

participation in religious organizations

question

According to the text, developing a relationship has become more variable and individualized because

answer

a formal dating system no longer exists

question

Romantic love is distinct when compared to general love because romantic love is

answer

characterized by passion and attraction

question

When comparing utilitarian love and romantic love

answer

utilitarian love is more rational and romantic love is more spontaneous

question

After carefully considering the pros and cons of other partners, Juan and Maria believe they make a good match and are committed to each other. Their behavior demonstrates

answer

utilitarian love

question

As described in the text, the dating system of the early and mid-twentieth century

answer

permitted persons to date a variety of partners at one time

question

An event in which the participants are supposed to have fun and get to know each other for a possible romantic relationship is

answer

a date

question

The decision that a person makes about who to be with in a relationship is ________ dating.

answer

private

question

When it comes to dating among college students

answer

men are expected to take the lead in formal date situations

question

A casual sexual or romantic encounter without explicit commitment or exclusivity is

answer

hooking up

question

Which of the following is a key similarity between hooking up and dating multiple persons at once?

answer

neither involves exclusive commitment to one partner

question

Hookup culture is

answer

highly interrelated with alcohol and other drug use

question

The first national singles database for connecting online was

answer

Match.com

question

The increase in the use of online dating websites can best be explained by

answer

the fact that dating sites are likely more efficient than meeting in person

question

With regard to research findings on Internet dating profiles

answer

about one-third of photographs are misleading

question

When compared to 50 years ago, the current population of singles looking for relationships is

answer

older, more diverse, and more likely to have children

question

All of the following are true of people who are single and looking for a relationship today compared with singles 50 years ago, EXCEPT

answer

persons who are single today are more likely to have mental health problems

question

When compared with straight relationships, gay and lesbian dating relationships

answer

are complicated by more negative social pressures

question

Gay, lesbian, and bisexual teens tend to have their first serious relationship at a later age than heterosexual teens. This is due in part to

answer

difficulty meeting appropriate romantic partners

question

Sociologists call the process of how or why people end up together

answer

mate selection

question

Brendan and Stacy, both from Caucasian, upper-class Boston families, have decided to marry. In terms of mate selection, their relationship demonstrates

answer

a potential for continuation of class inequality

question

Although Barbie dolls are common toys for girls in the United States, the likelihood that an adult woman has the same waist-to-hip ratio as Barbie is

answer

1 in 100,000

question

Studying sexual attraction in humans as well as nonhuman animals in terms of genes and their expression, gives support to the idea of

answer

evolution

question

When it comes to the relationship between evolution and social interaction and their influences on mate selection, your text suggests that

answer

evolution operates in the background, while personal preferences hold more sway

question

According to natural selection, specific traits that may have emerged through evolution are those that

answer

fool potential mates into seeing positive traits

question

How do high heels help establish the differences between women and men?

answer

Almost everyone who wears high heels is a woman

question

High heels and foot binding are important examples of

answer

how women are made to be more attractive to men

question

Darren argued that all the romantic couples he knows are people who are very similar to each other. He says this is because they tend to be in the same places and situations. His argument is closest to the sociological term

answer

homophily

question

Evan is the wealthy son of a Minneapolis restaurant owner. He marries Naomi, the daughter of a local physician. Based only on these social characteristics, we can conclude that

answer

the marriage is characterized by social class endogamy

question

When dating partners are of the same ethnic group, social class, religion, and approximate age, researchers call this

answer

endogamy

question

When choosing someone to date, Lindsey prefers men who are domineering. Her lack of attraction to men who are passive represents which of the following types of challenges to partner selection?

answer

social limits

question

Which of the following groups is most likely to date within their racial-ethnic group?

answer

African Americans

question

Evidence from studies of online dating indicates that

answer

racial-ethnic differences persist in the selection of a partner, whether online or in person

question

What do the ongoing controversies over segregated high school proms suggest about the pace of social change?

answer

Informal behaviors like dating may change more quickly than formal behaviors like marriage

question

High school proms have been a battleground for interracial, interethnic, and homosexual partnerships because

answer

many adults see prom as an important event in the mate selection script

question

Which of the following issues has been controversial at high school proms in recent years?

answer

students bringing a same-sex date to the event

question

"Hey, baby, what's your sign?" might be uttered by someone who relies on relationship advice from

answer

astrology

question

The study of the alignment of the moon, planets, and stars, and how this might impact aspects of one's life is

answer

astrology

question

Your text argues that diversity in relationships is scripted. This means that

answer

a variety of ways of forming and maintaining relationships are common today

question

At this time in the United States, what fraction of people who marry have cohabited first?

answer

2/3

question

Which of the following is true about current trends in marriage?

answer

Marriage rates are on the rise for those with college degrees

question

Which of the following is NOT a source of social change in family life discussed in Chapter 8?

answer

Family life has become less central to many people's identities.

question

Marriage rates have:

answer

dramatically decreased since the 1960s.

question

The decline in marriage rates is due to:

answer

people marrying later

question

An increasing number of people are not getting married at all; however,

answer

a great majority of people do get married

question

Which of the following can NOT be concluded from the data given in your textbook?

answer

Americans no longer take marriage as seriously as they did in the past

question

Which conclusion can NOT be drawn from current marriage trends?

answer

Americans are more likely to value careers over family

question

Which of the following is NOT a reason given in the text for the decline in marriage rates?

answer

racism

question

Which of the following is NOT a symbolic interactionist interpretation of wedding planning and wedding ceremonies?

answer

The "wedding industrial complex" is an exploitative aspect of the engagement experience

question

Adjusted for inflation, the cost of throwing a wedding now, compared with the cost in 1945, is:

answer

about the same

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary forms of endogamy practiced in the United States?

answer

desire for children

question

The marriage squeeze:

answer

is an example of demography affecting marriage choices.

question

Marriage rates among black women have declined due to all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

increased job opportunities for black women

question

The norms for marriage have become weaker, leaving it to be considered more optional. Andrew Cherlin calls this

answer

the deinstitutionalization of marriage

question

The text indicates three primary reasons people still choose to marry. Which of the following is NOT one of these reasons?

answer

religious beliefs

question

Which are the two assumptions necessary for viewing marriage as a market?

answer

voluntary participation and competition

question

Sociologists have objected to the market model of marriage for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

answer

this model trivializes human intimacy

question

The social space in which people search for potential marriage partners is called:

answer

marriage market

question

The marriage practice of early humans and ancient civilizations that facilitated trade, reduced health problems, and prevented conflict was called:

answer

exogamy

question

Which of the following is NOT true about racial intermarriage in the United States?

answer

Outmarriage of white men and African American women is common because there are so many available African American women.

question

Religious endogamy has increased, in part, due to:

answer

ethnic assimilation of some groups, such as Jews

question

Among the poor and working class, the desire to wait for financial stability motivates them toward:

answer

cohabitation before marriage

question

The text describes couples who may choose cohabitation instead of marriage in any of the following instances EXCEPT:

answer

couples with social class differences

question

Many previously divorced couples over 50 choose cohabitation:

answer

as a substitute for marriage

question

Even though U.S. society rigorously values individualism, Americans nevertheless still predominantly view marriage as:

answer

a lifelong commitment.

question

In researching marriage among black men, Tera Hurt found that happily married men usually valued which of the following?

answer

lifelong commitment, success, emotional support, and security

question

According to research, which of the following is NOT true about marital satisfaction?

answer

Marriage is more beneficial for women than it is for men

question

Which is true about social class and marital happiness?

answer

Richer couples tend to be happier, whether married or cohabiting

question

The author of the text asserts that the benefits of marriage stem from all of the following sources EXCEPT:

answer

communication

question

Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) had two major goals. They were:

answer

to provide assistance to poor families and promote two-parent families

question

Which of the following was NOT a criticism of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) discussed in the text?

answer

The program required too many tax dollars and unfairly redistributed wealth

question

The 1993 policy implemented by Bill Clinton to address the issue of gay military recruits was known as:

answer

"Don't Ask, Don't Tell"

question

The trend in public opinion indicates that:

answer

a growing majority will continue to support same-sex marriage rights

question

Religious leaders, counselors, media, and social workers are some examples of this category of reasons people marry:

answer

social pressure

question

Social status is one of the rewards of marriage. Consequently, some single people—particularly women—suffer from:

answer

stigma

question

When Ellen DeGeneres and Portia de Rossi were considering having a child, references to them "starting a family" indicated that

answer

childless couples somehow add up to less than a family

question

On average, American families have how many children?

answer

2

question

In 2011, births to unmarried women reached a record high of _____________ percent.

answer

41

question

While biological parents are the adults whose bodies produce a child, adoptive parents are

answer

parents to a child they did not produce biologically

question

The sociological definition of parents

answer

is fluid, especially when the law does not set the rules

question

The sociological definition of fertility focuses on

answer

the number of children born in a society or among a particular group

question

If a country has a fertility rate of more than 2.1 or so, the population will usually

answer

grow

question

More than a third of baby-boom mothers had four children each. By 2006, only about what percentage of women turning 45 had that number of children?

answer

12

question

Forty-one percent of all children born in the United States are born to parents who aren't married, up from 28 percent in 1990. This trend is closely tied to

answer

the decline of marriage

question

Within the broader growing trend of single parenthood, what is one way people become single parents?

answer

Young adults, either alone or with a partner, are not ready to marry

question

Single parenthood is more common among which group?

answer

American Indians

question

Total fertility rates indicate that Latina women on average have almost how many children?

answer

2.5

question

The relatively high fertility rate among Latinos partly explains the growth of their population in the country as a whole. What is one of the reasons for this pattern?

answer

The Catholic church encourages family planning practices

question

Why are first-generation Latino immigrants more likely to have children than families who immigrated in earlier generations?

answer

Latin American culture places high value on having children

question

Women who did not finish high school have an average of 2.6 children, compared with how many among those with bachelor's degrees?

answer

1.8

question

The price one pays for choosing the less lucrative available option is known as

answer

opportunity cost

question

What is one reason women with lower education levels tend to have more children?

answer

Childrearing threatens higher incomes and career status

question

Barbara is a 35-year-old executive at a banking firm. What is the opportunity cost of her decision to have children?

answer

She risks halting or losing her stature within the company or industry

question

What is one typical example that demonstrates how parents plan their births around their economic circumstances?

answer

Joyce, a 25-year-old, waited to have children until after the economic recession

question

What percentage of all pregnancies are identified as "unintended"?

answer

50 percent

question

The high frequency of unintended births, especially among women or couples with less education or fewer economic resources, partly results from

answer

lack of access to good-quality medical care.

question

How have adoption patterns in the United States shifted over the past half-century?

answer

Adoption has become less common, but it is more open and acceptable

question

The main reason adoption became less common after the 1960s is that

answer

fewer babies were being relinquished by their birth parents.

question

What is one reason contemporary mothers might be unlikely to give their children up for adoption?

answer

The stigma associated with unmarried motherhood has decreased.

question

Research shows that by the time they reach adolescence, the great majority of adopted children

answer

say they are glad they got to know their birth parents.

question

When Arturo found out he was adopted, his peers teased him, saying that his real parents didn't care about him. Arturo has met his birth parents, and following research trends, how is Arturo likely to respond

answer

He will know that his birth parents gave him up for adoption for his own good.

question

Children are most likely to be adopted through which method?

answer

private services

question

International adoption reached its peak in which year?

answer

2004

question

The largest number of international adoptions came from which countries?

answer

China, Russia, South Korea, and Guatemala

question

The decline in international adoptions was part of a worldwide trend in which the act was

answer

closely scrutinized for ethical and legal violations

question

Which of the following represents a typical response when people are asked why they had children?

answer

"I was young, but I was ready."

question

Raising children is often expected to

answer

give emotional and symbolic rewards.

question

In 2008, what percentage of pregnancies resulted in abortion?

answer

18

question

Which group of women is most likely to have an abortion?

answer

low-income women

question

In the past few years, American opinion of abortions has moved in which general direction?

answer

More people consider themselves "pro-life."

question

Falling rates of abortion may be due in part to which trend?

answer

decreased use of contraception

question

Emily, a 25-year-old white woman, just found out she is infertile. What is one factor that may have led to her infertility?

answer

her history of sexually transmitted infections

question

Why has infertility been a source of stigma for women?

answer

It points to women's sexual inadequacy.

question

Henry and Lauren, who are infertile, have decided to call themselves "child-free" rather than "childless," indicating what?

answer

Some people have embraced the concept as a lifestyle label.

question

In 2010 the number of childless adults aged 25 to 40 reached 48 percent, indicating what?

answer

growing numbers of childless adults

question

Many adults influence the life of a child. The adults who have the most direct influence are

answer

those who live with them

question

What percentage of children live with a cohabiting parent at some point in their lives?

answer

40

question

Family transitions always have what component?

answer

economic

question

When did the term parenting become popular?

answer

1970s

question

Parents try to provide which three broad categories of skills or resources to their children?

answer

socialization, social bonds, and social network

question

When Jose was looking for a job, his father Jesus was able to get him an interview at a friend's company. Which category of skill or resource was Jesus providing to Jose?

answer

social networks

question

In the early part of the twentieth century, it was incredibly dangerous to be a child, with almost 200 children killed in New York City streets in 1911. In 2009, only 14 children were killed in motor vehicle accidents in New York City, despite the growing population. What does this mean sociologically?

answer

Children became increasingly intelligent, learning how to avoid dangerous situations.

question

Parents of a typical family with two children can expect to spend how much to raise each child up to age 17?

answer

$160,000 -$370,000

question

Lucia was concerned about the well-being of her 11-year-old, who seemed increasingly anxious. What is a child well-being expert likely to prescribe for Lucia's daughter?

answer

more play time

question

The greatest expenses in raising children tend to come from

answer

children care and education

question

There is reason to suspect that parents' insecurity has increased in the last few decades for which of the following reasons?

answer

Because parents have fewer children, their investment in each one has grown.

question

From the 1960s to the 1990s—a period when women's employment rates grew rapidly—the time mothers spent with their children actually did increase. How was that possible?

answer

Mothers engaged in less of other things, like sleeping and leisure.

question

Paul spends nearly every Saturday with his two children. This is very different from his parents, who rarely spent time with Paul and his four siblings. This shift reflects which goal of modern parents?

answer

investing more in fewer children

question

When it comes to children's success in three major dimensions—being happy and well adjusted, doing well in school, and staying out of serious trouble—which parental stance has proven beneficial?

answer

supportiveness

question

What percentage of preschoolers with mothers who have less than a high school education are identified as obese?

answer

40

question

Why might Jane, a new mother, not put her infant son on his back to sleep, despite abundant evidence that infants who do not sleep on their backs are at risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?

answer

Jane lacks the education.

question

A very small fraction of children (less than 1 percent)

answer

live in the care of same-sex couples.

question

In part because of the legal, technological, or financial obstacles they must overcome to have children, same-sex couples have been shown to

answer

be unusually committed to parenting.

question

Until the 1960s, the male provider ideal was the dominant conception of what a father should be. The current dominant American ideal is the

answer

involved father

question

Although Jeff has a high-paying job, he decided to take a lower-paying position so that he could spend more time with his kids, reflecting

answer

the involved father ideal

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