question

Nuclear Family

answer

Parents and children, impermanent, generally form part of two in a life time.

question

Family by Orientation

answer

Born into

question

Family of Procreation

answer

by marriage - Nuclear family organizations is widespread but not universal.

question

Extended families

answer

Includes multiple generations, share childrearing, economic, food acquisitions,

question

Industrial and family organizations

answer

Nuclear family is the only well defined kin group for many North Americans.

question

Neolocality

answer

Married couples are expected to establish a new place of residence.

question

"Other" relationships

answer

- domestic arrangements outnumber the "traditional" household(nuclear) more five to one. - Increased number of women joining workforce - Divorce rate now 50% - 39% percent of Americans say marriage is obsolete

question

Two basic social units in traditional foraging societies:

answer

- Nuclear family and Band - Nuclear families are usually more stable than bands - Typically, bands exist only seasonally - breaks up into nuclear families when resources become scarce. - No tie to land; constant fission/fusion reduces neolocality.

question

Descent groups

answer

a permanents social unit whose members claim common ancestry. - determined at birth and is life long

question

Endogamy

answer

Mating or marriage within a group to which one belongs (Most cultures are endogamous)

question

Exogamy

answer

Practices of seeking a spouse outside one's own group (forces people to create and maintain a wide, social network)

question

Two types of uni-lineal descent

answer

1) Patrilineal descent = People automatically have lifetime membership in their father's group 2) Matrilineal descent = people automatically have lifetime membership in their mother's group.

question

Two Uni-local rules of post-martial residence:

answer

1) Patrilocality = Married coupled line in the husband's community 2) Matrilocality = Married couples live in the wife's community

question

Lineage

answer

Member can demonstrate their common descent from an apical ancestor (demonstrated descent)

question

Clan

answer

Members claim common descent from apical ancestor but cannot be demonstrated(Stipulated descent)

question

Totem

answer

A nonhuman apical ancestor of a clan.

question

Incest

answer

sexual relationships with a close relative, incest taboo is cultural universal, What consists incest varies cross culturally - socially constructed.

question

Marriage

answer

Cousin marriages attitude dependent on region and culture.

question

Sex

answer

refers to biological differences

question

Gender

answer

Refers to the culture construction of social roles -= social expectations and associations

question

Gender Roles

answer

tasks and activities that a culture assigns to that sex

question

Gender Stereotypes

answer

oversimplified but strongly held ideas about the characteristics of males and females

question

Gender stratification

answer

an unequal distribution of rewards reflecting their different positions in a social hierarchy

question

Public - domestic dichotomy

answer

Women tend to work closer to home, Gender stratification is reduced when the domestic and public spheres are not sharply separated

question

Examples of cross culture gender patterns

answer

- Subsistence contributions of men and women are roughly equal - Female labor predominates in domestic activities and child care - Women tend to work more hours than men do

question

Women reproductive strategies:

answer

Women work to ensure survival of their children by: - Establishing a close bond with each baby - Having a reliable mate

question

Men reproductive strategies:

answer

- Longer reproductive period than men - May choose to enhance their reproductive success by impregnating several women over a long period of time. - Double standards restrict women more than men example of gender stratification.

question

Patriarchy

answer

- a political system where men rule the majority and women are treated as inferior.

question

Examples of Domestic Violence:

answer

- Worldwide problem - Abuse of women is more common in societies where women are separated from supportive kin.

question

Sex-linked activities:

answer

- Certain roles to be more sex - linked than others Ex: hunter and warriors are usually men

question

In foraging societies:

answer

- Public and domestic spheres are least separate - Hierarchy is least marked - Aggression and competition are most discouraged

question

Gender among horticulture:

answer

Women are generally the main produces in horticulture societies

question

Patrilineal - patriotically complex:

answer

- Linked to pressure on resources and warfare(men must stay together for strength) - Enhance male prestige, increased gender stratification

question

Gender and industrialism:

answer

- Early american industrialism: 1890s - more than 1 million american women held unskilled factory positions - After 1900s - european immigrants moved into factory jobs previously held by women - Notion that women were physically unit for factory work.

question

Feminization of poverty:

answer

In the U.S, poverty is becoming feminized - women are increasingly represented among america's poorest people

question

Sexual orientation

answer

a person's habitual sexual attraction and activities Flexibility in sexual expression is part of our primate heritage

question

Human sexuality

answer

- how we express "natural" sexual urges - is shaped(influenced) by culture and environment - Culture molds individual sexual urges toward a collective norm - Sexual norms vary cross-culturally and through time

question

Anthropologists have stressed _____ on religion:

answer

- The collective, shared, and enacted nature of religion(Society) - The emotions it generates(Psyche) - And the meaning it embodies(Culture)

question

Meaning of religion by Anthony Wallace

answer

- belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces

question

Meaning of religion by Emile Durkheim

answer

- collective emotional intensity generated by worship

question

Meaning of religion by Victor Turner

answer

- an intense community spirit; a feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness.

question

Anthropology of religion:

answer

Religion is a cultural universal, but societies conceptualize divinity, supernatural entities, and ultimate realities.

question

Kinds of religion

answer

based on worship rituals

question

Shamanic religion

answer

The beliefs and practices associated with a shaman

question

Shamans

answer

- Part-time religious figures who mediate between people and supernatural beliefs and forces. - Shamans sometimes assume a different or ambiguous sex or gender role - sets them off symbolically from ordinary people

question

Communal religion

answer

- Found among foragers,but more typical of farming societies - Both shamans and community rituals - Communal religions are polytheistic - their adherents believe in several deities

question

Olympian religion

answer

- First appeared in states (Greece, Rome) - Full Time, professional priesthoods that are hierarchically and bureaucratically like the state itself

question

Monotheistic religion

answer

- Priesthoods - All supernatural phenomena are manifestations of, or under the control of, a single supernatural being.

question

Magic

answer

Supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims

question

Imitative magic

answer

Magicious produce a desired effect by imitating it (voodoo dolls)

question

Contagious magic

answer

whatever is done to an object is believed to affect a person who once had contact with it

question

Mana

answer

A sacred impersonal force that can reside in people, animals, and objects Belief in mana was especially prominent in Melanesia

question

Rituals

answer

- behaviors that are performed in a place at set times - Include liturgical orders - sequences of words and actions - Convey information about the participants and their traditions - Inherently social - by participating in rituals, performing signal that they accept a common social order.

question

3 phases of rite of passage

answer

Separation, Liminality, Incorporation

question

Polygamy

answer

Having more than one husband or wife at the same time

question

Polyandry

answer

When a woman has more than one husband

question

Polygyny

answer

When a man has more than one wife

question

Witch Hunts

answer

"Leveling Mechanism" A way to get rid of people who were different

question

Achieved Status

answer

Earned a position of power

question

Ascribed Status

answer

Born into a position of power

question

Patrilocality

answer

Married couple lives in the husband's community

question

Matrilocality

answer

Married couple lives in the wife's community

question

Patrilineal descent

answer

People automatically have lifetime membership in their father's group

question

Matrilineal descent

answer

People automatically have lifetime membership in their mother's group

Anthropology Midterm #2 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards