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-Division if large numbers of people into layers based on ( Power , Property, Prestige ) -Stratification affects life chances: Possessions to life expectancy

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Social Stratification

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-In every society the most common basis for social stratification has been ( Gender)

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Gender

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-All societies stratify member -Four system ( Slavery , Caste, estate ,class)

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System

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-people own by other people - Slavery was first based on Debt( punishment) - Women was the first enslaved -Temporary or permanent - 1st form was Bonded Labor -3 major causes ( Debt, Crime, War) -Slavery most likely exist in agricultural society

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Slavery

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1st tired to enslave Indians due to shortage of servant and then turned to African American brought from British, Dutch, Portuguese and Spanish -When american slave owners found it profitable to own slaves,

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American Colonists

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-Status is determined at birth and is lifelong -Ascribed status -Focus on Endogamy ( marriage with culture ) -Contact with inferior contaminates superior -Abolished by Indian government in 1949, it remain part of Indian culture -Based on Religion - 4 caste subdivide into 1000's sub caste - South Africa ( apartheid)- separation of races - Laws specified where people could live,work, go to school

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Caste

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- Middle Ages- Europe developed 3 estates 1st estates - Nobility, Ruled land -2nd estate - Cl

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Estate System

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-Based on possession of money and material - Initial social class based on one parent

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Class System

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-Unequal access to power, prestige , property based on sex -the term sen and gender are not sociologically and biologically interchangeable

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Gender Stratification

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-what is a person movement up or down the class hierarchy -People move in and out of classes

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Social Mobility

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-Moving from one position to another at the same class level or making a lateral move * Sue is a nurse earns $49,000 * She moves from emergency to pediatrics making about the same salary

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Horizontal Mobility

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-Moving up or down the class hierarchy * Nick was a legal secretary * He continued his education and earned his law degree * He now is a criminal attorney

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Vertical Mobility

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-Moving up or down the class hierarchy over a lifetime ( Same area) * Kate is a secretary in social science department * She applies for a new position in the president office(increase salary)

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Intra generational mobility

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-Moving up or down the class hierarchy relative to the position of one's parent * Renee parents were factory workers * Renee however, earned her doctorate degree and now works in congress

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Inter generational Mobility

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-Gender is always an ESSENTIAL part of each layer -Social distinction have always giving to male -men earning are higher than women

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System

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-Karl Marx- one's relationship to the means of production *Bourgeoisie - (Capitalist) Owners *Proletariat( Workers)- Works for owners *AS a capital become more concentrated the 2 classes become hostile * Workers would revolt and usher classless society

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What determine social class

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Believe it was not just position but *Property - Essential * Prestige - Ownership or Athletic skills *Power -control of others

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Weber

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- Power elite

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C. Wright Mills coined term

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-Poor rich -Probably like you and i ( neither poor nor rich) -Most sociologist agree with weber model of social class -Large group of people who rank close to one another in terms of wealth, power and prestige

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Social Class

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-Property you own -Income , Money you recieve -Wealth income are not always same -Property own , income

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Wealth

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-Land, shock, is not distributed evenly -10% of US population own 70% of wealth 1% of US population own 1/3% assets in US

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Ownership

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-Dis proportioned - Top 20% of US residents 47 % income -Bottom 20 % receive 4.2% income _ Sociologist see a growing inequality -Median income for most affluent is 3 million dollars

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Income

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-Average income in the united states is 42000 dollars -Typical annual family income in US 60000 dollars

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Need to Know

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-Ability to carry out your will despite resistance -Power elite -big decision makers i US society -Domhoff believes no decision in US government is made without their approval -Belief that many Americans contribute to government decisions through voting Democratic Facade

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Power

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-Respect or regard people give to various occupation and accomplishment -Occupation primary source od prestige -Occupation with highest prestige pay more

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Prestige

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Most US president profile are millionaire white men from families with old money but the us is seeing the starting to change -Average of 60 nations the 3 highest prestige occupation are -College president supreme court judge astronaut -IN the US the highest prestige occupation was

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Preisedent Profile

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-Display Prestige

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Status Symbols

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Mixture of high and low ranking wealth and power -Most people are consistent -Gerhard Lanski with SI tend to be radical and approve political action aimed against higher status group -Common lottery winner experience Anomie Most Si people claim higher status

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Status Inconsistency

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When a person detaches from the norms that guide their behavior

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Durkheim Term Anomie

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-Believed not everyone fell into Karl MArx social classes -He said Executives , mangers , act more like capitalist -He said people were simultaneously (Contradictory class Location )

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Erik Wright

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-Four classes Capitalist -owner Petty Bourgeoisie- Small business owner Managers - Employees with autority Worker

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Wright

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Define social class Wealth Power Prestige

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Weber

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Used Weber model and created to describe class structure in IS -Capitalist 1% investor, heir, executive (old money and new money ) Children of new money moved into old money

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Dennis Gilbert and Joseph Kahl

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Lower Miggle -34% Lower manager craftspeople, high school education -Working 30% FACTORY worker most have H.S education _working poor 16% unskilled temporary and seasonal jobs Maybe H.S education

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Gilbert and Kahl

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Homeless (Fallout) -their model illustartes automoble industry -Ford family /executive upper and lower level of capitalisst -Owner of dealer ship - Upper middle _sales person -Lower middle Mechanics -Working class -Detail Working -working poor -Day labor to mow lawn -Underclass

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Gilbert and Kahl

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Used 4 Education power Property Prestige

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Gilbert and Kahl

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-Lower the social class- more likely to die early -Social class shapes lifestyle and health -Medical Care - 2 tired system -Life is better for the higher social classes -Mental Health- Worse for lower classes , higher classes can afford vacations, counselors

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Consequences of social Class

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-Children of capitalist -pressure to select right mate , parent play role in mate selection -Marriage more likely fail in lower social classes given challenges of inadequate income poor Live in single parent home -Lower class families teach children to defer to authority -Middle class encourage freedom self expression -Kohn -Primary influence upon parents to rear children = parents occupations

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Family Life

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increase as one moves up social class ladder

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Education

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-Social Class tend to cluster around different denomination -Lower class attracted to spontaneous worship and lous music -Higher class attract to restrained worship such as Methodist

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Religion

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-Rich and poor take divergent paths -Lower social class - Democrat Higher Class -Republican Working class -Liberal on economic issues and conservative on social issues government should intervene in the economy to make citizen financially secure Participation is not equal Higher class tend to vote more than lower class

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Political Views

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-Not blind to social class - White collar crimes of privileged classes mostly dealt with outside CJS -Social class and being a victim of crime has a inverse relationship - Lower class more apt to be arrested, probation, parole , jailed

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Criminal Justice system

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-Vertical -Horizontal - Inter generational - Intra generational -Exchanges - Also have structural affects large numbers of people EXAMPLE ( Invention of computers allowed people to move from blue -collar to white collar

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Social mobility

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-Women have been ignored -Sons 1/2 pf son move beyond there father social class 1/3 stay same 1/6 fall down the ladder -Women who did move up were encourage by parent to postpone marriage and get education

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Occupational Mobility

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-Can be used positively or negativity to explain mobility -1/3 of the poorest 10% and 1/3 of the richest 10% of children end up same social class as parent -Women who change social class tend to be caught between the 2 social classes -Parent that have sacrificed for children to get an education the parent child relationship marked by estrangement lack communcation bitterness

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Statistic

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-Governement based on family size and income -Based on 3x what the average family of a specific size would spend on food -Families making less consider below povery line -Certain groups are disproportionately represented -More poor in south for past 100 years

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Poverty Line

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Race is a factor Minorities are more likely to be poor 10% white 21% latinos 24% African American - Chances of being poor decreases with education

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poverty

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Gender of the head of the family major indicator of poverty -Most poor are headed by women due to divorce birth to divorce births to unwed , lower wages for women - Greater the education the fewer births to single women

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Gender

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-Children are more likely to live in poverty than adult or elderly regardless of race - Elderly are most likely to be poor than the general population - Elderly Hispanic and African Americans are 3x more likely to be poor than elderly whiite

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Aged

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Poor get trapped in a cultural of poverty because of the values and behaviors that make them fundamentally different - most poverty is short lived a year of less -Only 12% of the poor

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Culture Poverty

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-Sociologist look at Job skill access Race , gender, age Large scale economic change Inequalities in education - Social structure focus on discrimination and changes in the job market

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Explaining Poverty

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1996 welfare reformed caps on assistance and recipient required look for work - Conflict theorist welafre system is to maintain an army of reserve workers * Economic expansion - welfare requirements are tighten, force by people to work

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Reform

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poor people tend to find it hard to defer self gratificaation they cant give up things now to a greater gain in the future -Most US resident believe they have a chance to get ahead

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Poor

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Functionalist Davis and Moore, Stratification is inevitable -most make sure important position are filled in society -some are more important than others -more important need to be filled with qualified and offered greater rewards

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Social Stratification system universal

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-Didn't agree with Davis and Moore He believed stratification was dysfunctional not functional - Best predictor of who goes to college is not ability but income

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Melvin Tumin

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-Conflict bases of stratification _-Limit resources - Human history is class struggle, those with power use resources to benefit self and oppress others -Modern theorist - Group within the same class compete for resources result conflict between groups

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Conflict

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-Functionalist - Right in places where wealth is not accumulated -Conflict - right inn places with surplus humans pursue self interest and want to control surpluses * Emergence of small elite who builds inequality =social stratification

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Gerhard Lenski

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-By controlling ideas and information -Fear is a common tactic -Technology ( monitoring devices )

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Elites maintain Stratification

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-Upper 1% -Middle - Almost 50 % -Lower over 50 % -Language and speech patterns are class indicator -Education primary way class system continues one generation to next

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Great Britain's Class System

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- Classless society * Before Communist Revolution elite based on inherited wealth * Later based on party officials * A new class of rich people are emerging

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Communist

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- First world ( industrialized capitalistic nations ) -Second World ( Communist Nations ) Third World ( Any other nations don't fit in others ) -Most industrialization -Least Industrialization -The collapse of the soviet union led to the discontinuation of 1st , 2nd, 3rd, world terms - Most Industrialized U.S, Canada , Great Britain , France , Germany, Switzerland Capitalistic - These nations only 16% worlds population but 31 % land -Poor in these nation live better, longer `

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Global Stratification `

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-Former soviet union and its satellites in Eastern Europe -16 % of population and 20% of land -lower income, Lower standard living

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Industrializing Nations

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-Live Farms -Low Standards of living -49% land 68% of population -High Birth rates -Most live on less than $1000 a year

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Least Industrialized Nations

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-Create Problems - How much Industrialization does one need? - Does Post Industrial lead to new classification -Oil Rich nations are wealthy but not Industrialized what is their classification

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Classifying Nations of World

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-Colonialism * Profits generated by industrial revolution, nations gain power and invaded weaker nations, making colonies and using their labor *European -Africa *U.S - central and south Africa -Powerful nations claims a colony and send their government to rule -Colonialism shaped many least industrialized nations - Most Industrialized nations created states

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How did we become stratified

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- Countries are politically and economically tied together -Rise of global stratification including the 4 nations below * core -Capitalism development 1st * Semi -periphery -Mediterranean, dependent on trade with core * Periphery - Eastern Europe, limited to selling cash crop, limited development * External area -Africa/Asia left out of capitalism, few ties to core nation

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World System Theory Immanue Wallerstein

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-Result from expansion -External Nations are drawn into commercial web -Great Britain was one of the 1st nations industrial capitalism developed, based one world system theory it will be core nation

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Capitalist World

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_extensive interconnections among nations -Speed it up due to communication and transportation -Consequence - No nation able to live in isolation - Most sociologist, prefer colonialism and world system theory

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Globalization

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-Neocolonialism -Economic and Political Dominance of the least industrialized nations by industrialized nations * Micheal Harrington - most industrialized nations controlled the least by controlling market prices etc * Industrialized nations determined how much they will pay for natural resources they from least * Moved Hazardous Industries to least -Industrialized nations sell weapons and manufacture goods to least ( Internal debtors ) Natural resources pay off debt, preventing them to develop

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Global Stratification

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-Nations and poverty from one generation to next, relying of tradition not experimenting with technology -Based on a concept 1st proposed by Oscar Lewis

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Culture of Poverty

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-Allows U.s companies to import material to Mexico without paying taxes and to export finished products to U.s without taxes -Concept of Maquioladoras ( assembly for export plants) was made possible because of this

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North American Free Trade Agreement

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-Multinational Corporations contribute to exploitation of least * Controlling national and local politics * Industrialized nations are primary beneficiaries of profit made at least * Industrialized nations work closely with elite of the least industrialized in informal partnership that benefit both * Corporations may bring prosperity to least

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Corporations

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- Favors most industrialized = maintaining domination -Profits from multinational corporation invested in developing and acquiring latest technology -Global Stratification has Profound impact on each person's life *Access to Material Possessions *Education *Longevity

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Technology

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