question

Recognizing stimuli by feature analysis is a form of bottom-up processing.

answer

True

question

Stimuli from the environment are theorized to first enter working memory.

answer

False

question

It appears that the capacity of long-term memory is unlimited.

answer

True

question

\"Memory for meaning\" is semantic memory.

answer

True

question

A prototype is a false instance of a concept.

answer

False

question

The element of processing that influences the physical and emotional environment in which learning takes place is elaboration.

answer

False

question

The key to maintaining information in long-term memory is rehearsal.

answer

False

question

If a student tries very hard to remember the name of a book author, he or she is searching knowledge stored as an explicit memory.

answer

True

question

\"Reconstructed memory\" means \"accurate memory.\"

answer

False

question

The keyword method involves memorizing a standard list of words as a basis for forming associations with new items.

answer

False

question

Compared to the behavioristic orientation, the cognitive perspective recognizes people as what type of learners?

answer

Active

question

In the cognitive approach to learning, learning

answer

depends a great deal on individual perception.

question

One of the educational implications of sensory memory is that

answer

attention is necessary if children are to remember information.

question

Top-down processing is distinguished by its reliance on a(n)

answer

understanding of the context of a situation.

question

What you are thinking about right now is being held in what type of memory?

answer

Working

question

Items can typically be stored in working memory for approximately how long?

answer

About 20 seconds

question

Research has shown that the capacity of the working memory is limited to about how many chunks?

answer

Five to nine

question

Our ability to conserve something in working memory is most directly affected by the

answer

executive control processes

question

You are given a math problem to solve. As you try to remember the formula involved, what memory system is being searched?

answer

Long-term semantic

question

Long-term memory that is memory for meaning is called

answer

semantic

question

When we intentionally try to learn something new, we are involving what type of long-term memory?

answer

Explicit memory

question

Traditional views of concept learning suggest that we recognize examples of a concept by

answer

identifying defining features or attributes

question

In discussing the concept \"fruit,\" the teacher says \"...and fruits come in practically all colors.\" The teacher is identifying a(n)

answer

irrelevant attribute

question

In order to understand the large amounts of information inherent in complex concepts, people must develop structures or patterns called

answer

schemas

question

Long-term memory for how to do things is called

answer

procedural memory

question

Based on studies of context, in what location would a student be likely to perform best on an educational psychology test?

answer

in an educational psychology classroom

question

According to the levels of processing theory, the length of time information is remembered is determined by

answer

how completely the initial learning was accomplished

question

Forgetting due to the serial-position effect can be reduced through the use of

answer

part learning

question

An educational application designed to reduce the impact of the serial-position effect is to

answer

break the lesson down into small parts that can be handled quite easily.

question

According to Woolfolk, the basic purpose of mnemonic aids is to

answer

make connections between the information to be memorized

question

The first step in peg-type mnemonics is to

answer

memorize a random list of places, words, facts.

question

\"I before E except after C\" is an example of the use of what memory method?

answer

Chain

question

The use of imagery techniques of learning, such as the keyword method, seems most appropriate for what age group?

answer

Late elementary school and older

question

Within the information processing perspective, learning declarative knowledge involves

answer

integrating new ideas with existing knowledge to create an understanding

question

What type of knowledge do experts have that involves an understanding of how to perform various cognitive activities?

answer

procedural

question

What can teachers do to help their students develop an automated basic skill?

answer

Ensure that students have the necessary prerequisite knowledge and provide practice with feedback.

question

In order to help students become better learners, it is recommended that they

answer

be provided a variety of strategies and practices

question

You are asked to learn the 50 U.S. states, so you divide the country into geographic areas and set about your task. You are more likely to succeed than someone who begins to learn the states at random, because your system

answer

capitalizes on the serial-position effect by fragmenting the task.

question

According to current cognitive theories, information may be lost from long-term memory in all of the following ways EXCEPT by

answer

substitution

question

A script is viewed by cognitive theorists as useful

answer

in directing everyday activities in different situations

question

Individuals with a strong sense of self-efficacy for a given task tend to attribute their failures to lack of ability.

answer

False

question

Bandura's model of reciprocal determinism is based on the notion of agency and personal control, therefore social influences are not part of his model of reciprocal determinism

answer

False

question

Self-efficacy is an important influence on observational learning.

answer

True

question

The interaction of environmental events, personal factors, and behaviors is called reciprocal causality.

answer

True

question

When a teacher gives a \"pep talk\" to a student and says \"you can do it,\" the teacher may be able to influence a student's self-efficacy for a task.

answer

True

question

Self-efficacy refers to individuals' skill at managing their own study behaviors.

answer

False

question

After studying nearly 140 research investigations, Sandra Graham concluded that African American students had relatively strong self-concepts and high expectations for learning.

answer

True

question

Volition is another term using for task commitment.

answer

True

question

Self-efficacy is an important influence on observational learning

answer

True

question

A student who has good follow-through for completing a task is said to have volition.

answer

True

question

A student who begins solving a problem by analyzing the task and setting a specific goal is engaging in the performance phase in Zimmerman's model of self-regulated learning.

answer

False

question

A student who takes a break and asks herself \"what I am doing is not working, maybe I should start over\" is demonstrating self-regulated learning

answer

True

question

Rubrics are appropriate for when teachers evaluate student work, but should not be used with students for self-evaluation purposes.

answer

False

question

Bandura suggested that the main limitation of traditional views of learning is that these views are

answer

Incomplete

question

Bandura challenged and expanded his early work on behavioral conceptions of learning by focusing on

answer

social learning theory

question

According to Bandura's theory of self-efficacy, the most important and influential source of self-efficacy information comes from

answer

mastery experiences

question

The following statement is true about the relation between self-efficacy and self-esteem

answer

There appears to be direct relationship between self-efficacy and self-esteem.

question

In addition to academic learning skills, self-regulated learners have

answer

good self-control abilities

question

In Bandura's social cognitive learning theory, the interaction among personal factors, environmental events, and behaviors is called

answer

reciprocal causality

question

According to Bandura, expectations are part of which one of the elements that comprise reciprocal causality?

answer

personal factors

question

Woolfolk suggests the following strategy for teachers in an effort to involve parents in supporting self-regulation within their child:

answer

Ask families to keep records in support of the students' self-evaluation of progress

question

What are the steps involved in self-regulated learning?

answer

Analyzing the task, setting goals, devising plans, enacting strategies

question

Which one of the following quotes is an example of high self-efficacy?

answer

\"I am usually good at math, so I will do well in this class.\"

question

Research on self-efficacy and achievement suggests that school achievement is improved and self-efficacy is increased when students

answer

receive rewards or other reinforcements based on the quality of their performances.

question

According to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, peers

answer

can serve as important models and facilitate student learning.

question

Which one of the following theories places the greatest emphasis on presenting models so that students can learn from observing others complete a task?

answer

social cognitive theory

question

In Roger Azevedo's research a self-regulation \"coach\" is

answer

someone who helps students plan their learning and monitor their understanding

question

Which one of the following is NOT an essential component of emotional self-regulation?

answer

solving problems independently rather than asking for help when needed

question

When individuals are naturally interested in a particular activity, they are intrinsically motivated.

answer

True

question

Maslow's approach to motivation is a humanistic view

answer

True

question

A current reflection of the humanistic perspective is the \"self-esteem movement.\"

answer

True

question

Attribution theories of motivation describe how an individual's explanations, justifications, and excuses influence motivation.

answer

True

question

According to the expectancy x value theory, motivation increases as expectancy of success and the value of rewards increase.

answer

True

question

Students who have performance goals are interested in improving their skills, no matter how awkward they may appear in the process.

answer

False

question

Work-avoidant learners feel successful when they do not have to try very hard, when the work is easy for them, or when they can simply \"goof off.\"

answer

True

question

In general, performance is low when the level of anxiety is high.

answer

True

question

Teachers are encouraged to recognize students for their accomplishments, especially improving their own personal best.

answer

True

question

A key strategy for emphasizing learning rather than grades is to engage students in self-evaluation.

answer

True

question

Nearly all researchers agree that teachers should make learning fun for students in order to promote good learning.

answer

False

question

Students who hold a performance-approach goal orientation want to look good in the eyes of others.

answer

True

question

Research exists to support the claim that students' emotions are related to their learning goal orientation.

answer

True

question

Researchers suggest using work sheets and standard assignments for writing tasks with ethnicthnic minority students rather than giving students writing tasks with cultural contexts

answer

False

question

Learned helplessness occurs when causes of failure are considered internal, stable, and uncontrollable.

answer

True

question

Being interested in a task because the activity is enjoyable is what type of motivation?

answer

Intrinsic

question

Externally imposed reward systems seem particularly appropriate for students who are

answer

not interested in the subject

question

A student's reason for acting is called

answer

locus of causality

question

In most humanistic theories, motivation is based on

answer

intrinsic needs

question

In Maslow's hierarchy, self-esteem is considered to be what type of need?

answer

Deficiency

question

The cognitive approach to motivation is illustrated best by people who respond to

answer

their perception to events, not the events themselves.

question

Pride or shame for one's own actions is likely to be felt most strongly by those who attribute their actions to

answer

internal causes

question

Participation in communities of practice is emphasized by what theory of motivation?

answer

sociocultural

question

Individuals are naturally motivated to learn by

answer

feedback and goal acceptance

question

An entity view of ability is consistent with what type of goals?

answer

performance

question

Students who demonstrate \"learned helplessness\" are likely to

answer

focus on their failures and not seek assistance

question

As need for achievement increases in spite of fear of failure, what type of student will be motivated to learn?

answer

mastery-oriented

question

Students who are mastery-oriented will tend to hold what view of their ability?

answer

incremental and improvable

question

What type of belief do failure-accepting students have?

answer

expectation of failure

question

The following sentence is true about the relationship between motivation and cultural diversity.

answer

Some cultures raise children to be more motivated than others.

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