The Social Animal — Chapter 2 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
A kind of thinking in which maintaining group agreement overrides a careful consideration of the facts in a realistic manner.
answer
Define: Groupthink
question
A person who consciously or unconsciously controls dissent through an informational filter.
answer
Define: Mindguards
question
A change in a person's behavior or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or a group of people.
answer
Define: Conformity
question
1. They become convinced that their opinion was incorrect. In other words, they come to believe they were wrong. 2. They still believe they're correct, but went along with the crowd.
answer
What two reasons for conformity to an incorrect answer were predicted by Asch in his experiment?
question
1. Being correct. 2. Being in the group's good graces.
answer
What were the two underlying goals of action in Asch's experiment?
question
He found that they believed the participants will conform more than they actually did, and the witnesses believed they would conform less than the participants had.
answer
What did Wolosin discover about outside witnesses who watched Asch's experiment?
question
1. Unanimity 2. Commitment 3. Accountability 4. The person and the culture 5. The group exerting the pressure
answer
What are the five factors that increase or decrease conformity?
question
Whether or not majority opinion was unanimous. Even if conformity was broken by a "non-ally," the power of the group opinion was sharply diminished.
answer
What was one of the major factors that determined conformity in Asch's experiment?
question
They found that when someone makes a commitment to a decision before being pressured to change their opinion, they will conform 6% of the time. Whereas, if he or she did not make a commitment before their decision, 25% will conform to the group opinion.
answer
Regarding commitment on the likelihood of decreasing conformity, what did the researchers Deutsch & Gerard find?
question
1. When accuracy is emphasized over cooperation, there are more instances of independent judgment. 2. Most people will cooperate with the group majority, unless they know that they will be held accountable after the fact.
answer
Regarding accountability to a decision influenced by a group majority--in other words, justifying your choice after the fact--what two findings are of interest?
question
Collectivist societies like China or Japan yielded more conformity to group influence than individualistic ones, such as the United States and France.
answer
What was the general result of replicating Asch's study in many different countries?
question
1. If it consists of experts. 2. If its members are of a high social status. 3. If its members are comparable/similar to the individual being pressured.
answer
When speaking of the group that exerts pressure to conform, what three factors characterize the most persuasive group?
question
The influence of other people that leads us to conform because we see them as a source of information to guide our behavior. - We conform because we believe that others' interpretation of an ambiguous situation is more correct than ours.
answer
Define: Informational Social Influence
question
The first method.
answer
In general, which of these two methods for producing conformity is more effective? 1. Observing the behavior of others in creating proper behavior 2. Incorporating behavior or belief in the interest of being accepted or avoiding punishment
question
He argued that an emotion is a combination of a feeling and a cognitive component. A feeling requires an appropriate stimulus to exactly replicate in other instance.
answer
What was William James' proclamation on emotion?
question
There were two groups: in the first, the researchers shared the injection's side effects. The other group received no prior indication. After the second group received the shot, a stooge began to act out in a variety of ways. The participants in the second group began to mimic the euphoria or anger of the stooge.
answer
Schacter & Singer conducted an experiment wherein they injected participants with epinephrine. Recount the proceedings of the experiments, and its results.
question
1. Compliance - Describes the behavior of a person motivated by the desire for reward or the avoidance of a punishment. 2. Identification - A response to social influence brought about by an individual's desire to be like the influencer. 3. Internalization - The most deeply rooted response to social influence; motivation to internalize a particular belief rooted in the desire to be right.
answer
Name the three possible responses to social influence.
question
1. Compliance 2. Identification 3. Internalization
answer
List the most enduring responses to social influence from least to greatest.
question
It differs from compliance because we come to believe in the opinions and values we adopt.
answer
How does identification differ from compliance?
question
1. Compliance - Power 2. Identification - Attractiveness 3. Internalization - Credibility (of person supplying info)
answer
List the major component of each of the three responses to social influence.
question
An effect that makes it worthwhile to continue a behavior even after the original reason for compliance is no longer forthcoming.
answer
Define: Secondary Gain
question
What occurs when another bystander or others tend(s) to inhibit helpful action.
answer
Define: Bystander Effect
question
The procedure whereby the purpose of the study and exactly what transpired is explained to the participants at the end of the experiment.
answer
Define: Debriefing
