question

When all forms of correctional supervision are taken into account, what percent of all adults in the United States are under some form of correctional control?

answer

More than 3%

question

Counting jails and prisons, approximately how many citizens are incarcerated?

answer

2.3 million

question

One out of ___ African American children have a parent who has been to prison.

answer

6

question

Systems learn, grow and improve according to what?

answer

Feedback

question

Probation and parole officers state that their original decision to become involved in this particular career field is based on their desire to:

answer

Help people

question

Now more than ever correctional systems are in a new era of correctional policy in what areas?

answer

Financial and social change

question

Which of the following is the central purpose of punishment?

answer

To carry out the criminal sentence

question

Corrections ideally serves which goal(s)?

answer

Both protection and punishment

question

According to the author, Corrections has a(n)_____ relationship with its environment.

answer

Reciprocal

question

Which of the following countries has the highest incarceration rate in the world?

answer

The United States

question

Which important scholar argued that criminals and their punishment are functional in society, help to define norms and expectations for conformity:

answer

Emile Durkheim

question

As systems grow and mature, they become:

answer

more complex

question

According to the author, which system of government divides power between federal and state governments?

answer

Federalism

question

Approximately ___ of all people under correctional supervision are living in the community on probation or parole.

answer

two-third

question

Clear, Cole and Reisig divide some of the controversies, issues and themes that arise in the study of corrections into two main areas:

answer

managing the correctional organization and working with offenders

question

The theory that offenders can be corrected:

answer

faces dispute

question

One result of funding squabbles is that organizational turf is:

answer

disputed

question

Because correctional workers work directly with people, they have been referred to as:

answer

street-level bureaucrats

question

Interdependence between staff and offenders is considered:

answer

exchange

question

According to the text, every aspect of the corrections field raises questions that concern deeply held values about:

answer

social relations

question

The nonprofessional staff that works within the prison system normally possesses a college education. (T or F)

answer

False

question

The organizational turf of criminal justice agencies is very clear because there is no blurring around the edges regarding the responsibility for different types of actions.

answer

False

question

Corrections consist of subunits, each with its own function and responsibilities. Some examples are probation offices, halfway houses, and prisons.

answer

True

question

People who undertake careers in corrections do so because they find the field an excellent place to express their most cherished values.

answer

True

question

Large corrections systems damage families and communities, and increase racial inequality.

answer

True

question

The following is an example of corporal punishment:

answer

whipping

question

Jeremy Benthem argued that effective punishments prevent _____ in the future.

answer

similar behavior

question

Political liberals and _____ encouraged reform of the prison system during the Enlightenment Period.

answer

religious groups

question

The penitentiary was developed during the:

answer

1790s

question

By the 1900s, punishments were carried out under the supervision of:

answer

correctional staff

question

Lex Talionis embodies which of the following principles?

answer

All of these: Punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense. An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth is legal punishment Punishment needs to be proportionate

question

The practice of removing offenders from the community to another land was known as:

answer

transportation

question

The founder of the Classical School of Thought is _____

answer

Cesare Beccaria

question

The period known as the Enlightenment had what effect(s) on society?

answer

All of these: It brought a reaction against feudal society and the monopoly of religion. It stressed the notion of equality for all citizens. It was largely influenced by the growth of scientific thinking.

question

The Enlightenment proposed which of the following ideas for correctional reform?

answer

The invention of the penitentiary, where prisoners could be isolated from the temptations of the outside world.

question

The term wergild focuses on which of the following:

answer

money paid to relatives or victims of a crime

question

How was the existing system of justice altered during the Enlightenment?

answer

All of these: People reconsidered the administration of law and redefined corrections. During this period the classical school of criminology emerged, with its insistence on a rational link between the gravity of the crime and the severity of the punishment. The social contract and utilitarianism emphasized limitations ont he government and the need to erect a system of punishments so that people would be deterred from crime.

question

During the Age of Reason, advances in scientific thinking led to a questioning attitude that emphasized which of the following?

answer

All of these: Observation Experimentation Technological development

question

According to the text, Legal sanctions, in the form we are familiar with today, emerged in the:

answer

1200s

question

The response to crime was viewed as essentially a private affair prior to the _____ century?

answer

13th

question

_____ was the leader of reform in England and the developer of a utilitarian approach to crime and punishment

answer

Jeremy Bentham

question

Wergild developed as:

answer

a system of compensation

question

The dominant social institution during the Middle Ages in England and Europe was:

answer

the church

question

The law of the civil society as distinguished from church law is known as.

answer

secular law

question

Benefit of clergy was extended to:

answer

all literate persons

question

Under the law of retaliation, lex talionis, vengeance was a duty to be carried out by the person wronged or by a family.

answer

True

question

In England by the year 1200, a system of wergild, or payment of money as compensation, had developed as a way for the king to collect additional resources from the citizens.

answer

False

question

One of the major reasons England and Europe resorted to sending offenders to the New World was that their prisons and houses of corrections were filled to overflowing.

answer

True

question

Public opinion about punishment has remained static over the last 200 years.

answer

False.

question

Shaming is a new punishment idea.

answer

False

question

The concept of separate confinement was introduced in several locations, however one became the fullest expression of rehabilitation through separate confinement.

answer

Eastern State Penitentiary

question

Ideas of the Enlightenment fostered the thinking that crime is caused by:

answer

forces in the environment

question

The "congregate" system of prison discipline was first instituted at the:

answer

Auburn Penitentiary

question

With the rise of the medical model, the emphasis in corrections shifted to:

answer

the treatment and diagnosis of criminals

question

Between 1790 and 1830, the population in urban America had:

answer

sharply increased

question

During the 19th century, American society became increasingly:

answer

heterogeneous

question

Separate confinement was first implemented in:

answer

Walnut Street Jail

question

The penitentiary was to be a place where:

answer

All of these: offenders were isolated from bad influences in society offenders were isolated from one another where offenders could reflect on their misdeeds

question

The opening of Eastern State Penitentiary in 1829 marked the full development of the:

answer

the separate confinement system

question

According to the text, the medical model of corrections was beginning to be taken seriously through implementation in the _____

answer

1930's

question

During the Progressive Reform Era, two main strategies were implemented. They included improving conditions in social environments and __________

answer

rehabilitating individual offenders

question

An institution intended to isolate prisoners from society and each other so that they could reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and undergo reformation is the:

answer

penitentiary

question

According to the text, serious attempts made to implement what became known as the medical model of corrections began in the:

answer

1940s

question

The ______ was an institution for young offenders that emphasized training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole.

answer

reformatory

question

The leasing of convicts to private entrepreneurs took hold in the:

answer

South.

question

Eastern State Penitentiary was designed by:

answer

John Haviland

question

By the mid-1800s, reformers were ____ with the penitentiary.

answer

disillusioned

question

Within 40 years of being built, penitentiaries had become:

answer

all of these: understaffed overcrowded financially burdened

question

According to community based corrections, the goal of the criminal justice system is to:

answer

reintegrate the offender

question

English trends and practices greatly influenced American corrections.

answer

True

question

The Auburn System focused on a congregate system of operations.

answer

True

question

Social and political values greatly influence correctional thought and practices.

answer

True

question

The original penitentiary relied on penance and contemplation as the means for the criminal offender to move from sin toward perfection.

answer

True

question

Corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be treated is known as the crime control model.

answer

False

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