Marriage & Family final – Flashcards
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1. regulation of sexual activity 2. procreation and socialization 3. economic security 4. emotional support 5. social class placement
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what are the 5 functions of the family?
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in order to be a family, you don't just have or adopt kids, you have to RAISE them (teach them values, potty train them, etc.)
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procreation and socialization
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looking out for one another economically (ex. grandad for our family)
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economic security
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you go to your family for emotional support (like whenever I get left out of friend activities, or when Robert and Brittany died) BUT, not all families have strong emotional bond
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emotional support
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rules that state who you can and can't have sex with
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regulation of sexual activity
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whatever family you're born into determines your class (in the United States, you don't usually move out your particular class...unless you're like grandad when you start with nothing and work your way up to the absolute top)
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social class placement
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what we don't know CAN hurt us and theories and research help us understand our families and ourselves
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why are theories and research on marriage and the family important in our everyday lives?
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1. families are declining 2. families are changing, not declining 3. families are more resilient than ever
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what are 3 major theoretical perspectives on families?
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individual irresponsibility Minimal commitment to the family; most people put their own needs above family duties; adults are unwilling to invest their psychological and financial resources in their children
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families are declining
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analysts contend that family problems have always existed; there is little empirical evidence that family change is synonymous with family decline
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families are changing, not declining
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changes in family life have strengthened family relationships, including marriages; happiest families are those in which adults share domestic and work responsibilities
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families are more resilient than ever
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MACRO LEVEL PERSPECTIVE; examines how a society's independent parts work together to ensure its survival (ex. education--has multiple important functions within society, including socialization, learning, and social placement)
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structural-functionalist theory
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instrumental roles- providing food and shelter for the family and being hardworking, tough, and competitive expressive roles- providing the emotional support and nurturing that sustain the family unit
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family roles within the structural-functionalist theory
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MICRO LEVEL PERSPECTIVE; examines individuals everyday behavior (ex. thinking your sister ALWAYS gets what she wants, then when she comes to you after losing a job, you grow closer to her. the loss of her job gives you the opportunity to see her in another light)
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symbolic interaction theory
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MICRO LEVEL PERSPECTIVE; these theorists view the family as a functioning unit that: solves problems, makes decisions, and achieves collective goals (ex. my family...a healthy family that works together to accomplish things)
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family systems theory
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MACRO AND MICRO LEVEL PERSPECTIVE; examines how a family influences and is influenced by its environment
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ecological theory
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1. microsystem- made up of the interconnected behaviors, roles, and relationships that influence a child's daily life (ex. parents toilet training their child) 2. mesosystem- composed of the relationships among different settings; parents interact with their child's teachers and religious groups while the children interact with their peers (ex. the home, day care center, schools) 3. exosystem- consists of outside settings or events that a person doesn't experience directly but can affect his or her development (ex. parents employment) 4. macrosystem- wider society and culture that encompasses all the other systems
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what are the 4 interlocking systems that shape our development and behavior? (goes with ecological theory)
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MACRO AND MICRO LEVEL PERSPECTIVE; group whose members accomplish specific behaviors or tasks in a series of stages (ex. sunday school, college students, married couples, etc.)
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developmental theory
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MACRO AND MICRO LEVEL PERSPECTIVE; women who attempt to make sure that there is a level playing field between both men and women (basically not me and camilla)
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feminist theory
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MICRO LEVEL PERSPCETIVE; based on rational decision making...you seek to maximize rewards and minimize the costs. most people will continue in a relationship as long as there are more benefits than costs or both are about equal (ex. you won't stay in a relationship with someone if you are more unhappy than you are happy)
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social exchange theory
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MACRO LEVEL PERSPECTIVE; examines how groups disagree, struggle for power, and compete for scarce resources such as wealth and power (ex. scene in cinderella man when he is at gates looking for work along with everyone else during Great Depression)
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conflict theory
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socially constructed categories that emerge in social situations
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gender role theories
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crediting people with more free will than they have and downplaying or ignoring macro-level factors that affect our gender roles
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what are limitations of gender roles
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study of how biology affects social behavior; sociobiological explanation are controversial because practically every behavior is influenced by: environment, socialization, culture, families, peers, schools, pop culture and media (ex. Women have larger hips- so better for childbirth and men have broad shoulders so they're better at sports)
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sociobiology
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people learn attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction; social learning is a result of: reinforcement, imitation, and modeling (ex. Smoking campaign where a dad is smoking and a little boy picks up a stick as to imitate his dad)
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social-learning theory
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children acquire female or male values on their own by: thinking and reasoning, interpreting information in environment. Limitations: little insight on individual differences among children and exaggerating gender learning differences among children (ex. At age 3 or 4, a girl knows she is a girl and prefers "girl things" to "boy things" because she likes what is familiar or similar to her)
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cognitive development
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biological perspectives maintain that love is grounded in evolution, biology, and chemistry
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theories of dating and love biochemistry
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proposes that infants need to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver, usually the mother, for normal social and emotional development
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attachment theory
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Secure style: healthiest style of attachment; babies are left in room with a stranger, show signs of distress when left with stranger, but when mother returns, baby clings to her for a short time and then continued to play and explore Ambivalent style: children experience this when their mothers are inconsistent--sometimes affectionate and sometimes aloof. Infants showed distress at separation but rejected their mothers when they returned. Avoidant style: children whose caregivers ignore their physical and emotional needs; ignored their mothers once they returned to the room
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what are the 3 styles of attachment? (from attachment theory)
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1. Rapport- partners establish rapport (close relationship), which is based on culturally similar upbringing, social class, religion, and educational level. Without rapport, would-be lovers don't have enough in common to establish an initial interest. 2. Self-revelation- brings the couple even closer together. Because each person feels more at ease in the relationship, she or he is more likely to disclose intimate and personal feelings, and to engage in sexual activities 3. Mutual dependency- couple becomes more intimate and their mutual dependency increases: they share ideas, jokes, hopes, and fears 4. Personality and need fulfillment- partners confide in each other, make mutual decisions, support each other's ambitions, and bolster each other's self-confidence
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what are the 4 stages of Reiss's Wheel Theory?
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Intimacy- encompasses feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bonding Passion- leads to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation Decision/commitment- has a short and a long-term dimension. In the short term, partners make a decision to love each other; in the long term, they make a commitment to maintain that love over time
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what is Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love?
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1. eros 2. mania 3. ludus 4. storge 5. agape 6. pragma
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Lee's Styles of Loving
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powerful physical attraction/ "love at first sight." lovers experience palpitations, light-headedness, and intense emotional desires. This kind of love is described in romance novels and movies
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eros
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obsessiveness, jealousy, possessiveness, and intense dependency, mania could even be expressed as anxiety, sleeplessness, loss of appetite, headaches, and even suicide because of real or imagined rejection by the desired person
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mania
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carefree and casual love that is considered "fun and games;" ludic lovers often have several partners at one time and aren't possessive or jealous, primarily because they don't want their "lovers" to become dependent on them. They have sex for fun...no emotional attachment!
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ludus
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slow-burning, peaceful, and affectionate love that comes with the passage of time and the enjoyment of shared activities. Storgic relationships lack the ecstatic highs and lows that characterize some other styles of loving.
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storge
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altruistic, self-sacrificing love that is directed toward all humankind. Agape is always kind and patient and never jealous or demanding, and it doesn't seek reciprocity. But, intense agape can border on masochism (agapic person might be willing to tolerate an alcoholic or drug addicted spouse OR might be willing to live with a partner who engages in illegal activities or infidelity)
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agape
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rational love based on practical considerations. Also known as "love with a shopping list," because the pragmatic person seeks compatibility on characteristics such as background, education, religious views, occupational interests, and recreational pursuits. If one person doesn't work out, the pragmatist moves on to search for someone else.
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pragma
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extension of social exchange theory, an intimate relationship is satisfying and stable if both partners see it as equitable and mutually beneficial
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equity theory
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1. The greater the perceived equity, the happier the relationship 2. When people find themselves in an inequitable relationship, they become distressed. The greater the inequity, the greater the distress. 3. People in an inequitable relationship will attempt to eliminate their distress by restoring equality
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what are the 3 basic propositions in the equity theory?
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states that people sift eligible mates according to specific criteria and thus reduce the pool of potential partners to a small number of candidates (criteria includes: physical appearance, race and ethnicity, religion, age, social class, values, and personality)
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filter theory
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constitutes 8 stages outlining a specific challenge or crisis. presents both tasks and risks; outcome of each crisis determines whether the individual will move on successfully to the next stage
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psychosocial theory of human development (erik erikson)
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looked at the way children (birth-teenager) think in terms of learning to think and reason in abstract terms about past, present, and future; understanding the perspective of another person; learning to use language and symbols; and differentiating oneself from the external world
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piaget's cognitive development theory
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states that children learn best through imitation
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mead's theory of social self
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poor are deficient: have certain values, beliefs, and attitudes about what life that differs from those who aren't poor; more permissive parenting; these values transmitted to next generation; the poor create their own problems and live in a vicious cycle
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culture of poverty theory
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create and sustain poverty; most aren't poor, only lazy because of economic conditions (low wages, lack of affordable housing, physical/mental disabilities, can't afford health insurance)
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macro factors in poverty
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because men usually command greater financial, educational, and social resources than women do, men have more power (ex. a man who has little education, holds a job in low prestige and income, and has poor communication skills may use violence to maintain his dominant position in a relationship or family)
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resource theory
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the combining of theories to explain them all
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combination of theories
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strengths- fairly inexpensive and simple to administer; interviews can have high response rates; findings often can be generalized to the whole population. limitations: mailed questionnaires may have low response rates; respondents may be self-selected; interviews are usually expensive
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surveys (method of research)
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strengths- helps people who are experiencing family problems; offers insights for theory development. limitations: usually time consuming and expensive; findings can't be generalized
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clinical research
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strengths- flexible; offers deeper understanding of family behavior; can be expensive or inexpensive depending on the project's scope and location limitations: difficult to quantify and to maintain observer-participant boundaries; the observer may be biased or judgemental; findings can't be generalized
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field research
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strengths- usually accessible, convenient, and inexpensive; often longitudinal and historical limitations: information may be incomplete; some documents may be inaccessible; some data can't be collected over time
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secondary analysis of existing data (method of research)
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strengths- usually inexpensive; can recode errors; unobtrusive; permits comparisons over time limitations: can be labor intensive; coding is often subjective (and may be distorted); may reflect social class bias
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content analysis (method of research)
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strengths- attempts to demonstrate cause and effect; usually inexpensive; many available participants; can be replicated limitations: subjects aren't representative of larger populations; artificial laboratory setting; findings can't be generalized
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experiment (method of research)
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strengths- usually inexpensive and versatile; valuable in real-life applications limitations- the quality of research varies; the social context may affect researchers and the results
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evaluation research
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when/where relationships seem to be inherently rewarding
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intrinsic marriages
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the partners participate in each other's lives at all levels and have little tension or unresolved hostility
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total marriages
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based on the convenience of the partners
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utilitarian marriage
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partners have a close relationship, resolve conflicts quickly through compromise, and often make sacrifices for each other
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vital marriage
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a family made up of a wife, a husband, and their biological or adopted children
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nuclear family
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a family that consists of parents and children as well as other kin, such as uncles and aunts, nieces and nephews, cousins, and grandparents
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extended family
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biological family
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family of origin
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the family into which a person is born or adopted
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family of orientation
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the family a person forms by marrying and having or adopting children is referred to as
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family of procreation
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a network of people who are related by marriage, blood, or adoption
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kinship system
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a family in which non-relatives are accepted as part of the family (ex. Uncle Boo)
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fictive kin
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an intimate group of 2 or more people who: live together in a committed relationship, care for one another and any children, and share activities and close emotional ties
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family
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one person is married exclusively to another person
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monogamy
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a woman who has 2 or more spouses
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polygamy
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a MAN who is married to 2 or more women
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polygyny
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U.S. birthrates have declined since the end of the eighteenth century: women bear fewer children, have them closer together, and finish child rearing at an earlier age. Also, the average age of the population rose from 17 (in the mid-1800s) to nearly 37 in 2011
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trends in family demographics
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attitude that prejudges people, usually in a negative way--leads to discrimination
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prejudice
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Individual- harmful action on a one-to-one basis by a member of a dominant group against a member of a minority group Institutional- unequal treatment and opportunities for minority; result of everyday operations of a society's laws, rules, policies, practices, and customs
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discrimination
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specifies the formal or informal norms for acceptable or unacceptable sexual activity
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sexual scripts
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awareness of ourselves as male or female and the ways that we express sexual values, attitudes, and beliefs
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sexual identity
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the characteristics, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that society expects of males and females
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gender roles
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1. tension-building phase 2. acute battering incident 3. honeymoon phase
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what are the cycles of domestic violence?
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woman tries to reduce her partner's anger by catering to him or staying out of his way. At the same time, the battered woman thinks her partner's abusive behavior is justified
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tension-building phase
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man explodes in rage and beats or abuses his partner, causing the woman's feelings to fluctuate
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acute battering incident
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man begs woman for forgiveness and promise her that he will never beat her again. If the victim has been hospitalized because of physical injuries, man will often indulge her with flowers, candy, cards, and gifts
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honeymoon phase
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woman's education or income level is higher than that of the man; the couple is cohabiting or separated rather than married, divorced, or widowed; the partners' race and/or ethnicity differ; the man is aggressive or obsessed; either or both parents were abused during their teenage years
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what are some characteristics of common batterers?
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couples are waiting longer to get married, more effective use of contraception, jobs, and schooling
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why are birthrates changing?
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daunting jobs and careers make it more difficult to meet prospective mates; many single women don't want to conceive or adopt a child on their own; the ideal family size has changed; women who enjoy their jobs and need money to boost their household income are often reluctant to take on balancing a child and paid work
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micro level factors to why people are postponing parenthood
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many young adults are delaying marriage and having children because they have high college and credit card debts; disturbed by our high family divorce rate; advances in reproductive technology have reduced many women's concerns about their biological clock and finding a mate
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macro level factors to why people are postponing parenthood
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parental support is low, parental control is high (ex. You can't have the car on Saturday because I said so)
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authoritarian parenting
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parental support is high, parental control is low (ex. Sure; borrow the car whenever you want)
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permissive parenting
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parental support is high, parental control is high (ex. You can borrow the car after you've picked up your sister from soccer practice)
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authoritative parenting
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parental support is low, parental control is low (ex. I don't care what you do; don't bother me)
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uninvolved parenting
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satisfaction decreases once you have kids
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u-shaped curve of marriage
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love and companionship, children, adult identity, and commitment and personal fulfillment
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manifest reasons as to why people get married
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social legitimacy, social pressure, economic security, rebellion, and practical solutions to problems
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latent reasons as to why people get married
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the older we get, the more likely we are to engage in sexual activity with one specific person, not multiple (as you would if you were single)
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what happens to sexual activity as we age?
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caring, intimacy, and commitment
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what are the 3 ingredients for a successful marriage?
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divorce laws, economy, military service, cultural values and social integration, technology
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macro reasons for divorce
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people often have unrealistic expectations about marriage that are fueled by television shows and movies that always have happy endings, financial problems and disagreements are a stronger predictor of divorce than arguments about issues such as household tasks, spending time together, sex, or in-law relationships, communication problems and the inability to resolve conflict, substance abuse
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micro reasons for divorce
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parental divorce, age at marriage, premarital childbearing, cohabitation, gender, race and ethnicity, social class, and religion
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interpersonal reasons for divorce
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begins before people take any legal steps. In the beginning phase, spouses feel disillusioned but hope that the marriage will improve. During the middle phase, their hurt or angry feelings increase. The unhappier partner begins evaluating the rewards and costs leaving the marriage. In the end phase, one of the partners stops caring and detaches emotionally from the other.
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emotional divorce
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formal dissolution of a marriage. Some issues may include alimony, monetary payments by one ex-spouse to the other after a divorce. Other conflicts include child support
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legal divorce
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the couple may argue about who should pay past debts, property taxes, and new expenses, such as braces for their kids.
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economic divorce
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involves agreements about legal responsibility for financial support of the children, their day-to-day care, and the rights of the custodial and noncustodial parents.
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co-parental divorce
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time during which couple informs friends, family, teachers, and other that they're no longer married.
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community divorce
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partners separate from each other emotionally and establish separate lives
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psychic divorce
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couple experiences gradual emotional alienation
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pre-separation
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besides feeling ambivalent about leaving the marriage, the couple is plagued by many questions: both important and trivial
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early separation
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the pressures of maintaining two households and meeting the children's emotional and physical needs mount, and stress intensifies
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mid-separation
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partners must learn how to be singles again, such as now doing all the housework and home maintenance
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late separation
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slow process. Besides physical attraction, a divorced person has to establish a commitment to and trust in a new partner.
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emotional remarriage
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people's identity changes from that of a single individual to that of a couple.
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psychic remarriage
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people often sever close relationships between a partner and the children of the new spouse
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community remarriage
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couple reestablishes a marital household as an economic unit. There may be friction about the distribution of resources.
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economic remarriage
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physical or mental activity that accomplishes or produces goods or services
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work
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money and economic assets that a person or family owns
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wealth
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amount of money a person receives, either through own work or elsewhere
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income
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people who spend at least 27 weeks in the labor force and their wages fall below the official poverty level
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working poor
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greatest among blacks and latinos; government employees; people in construction and manufacturing industries; those with less than a high school education
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unemployment rate
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not having enough money to afford the basic necessitates of life
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absolute poverty
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not having enough money to maintain an average standard of living (depends on where you live)
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relative poverty
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to support themselves and their dependents; personal satisfaction; marital status affects women more than men; single women are more likely to stick to their jobs than married women are
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why do women work?
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spouse participates in the other's career behind the scenes without pay or direct recognition; wives help their partners by helping them get ahead in their careers
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two person single career
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both partners work outside the home
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dual-earner couple
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both partners work in professional or managerial positions that require: extensive training, long-term commitment, ongoing professional growth
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dual-career couple
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person who follows their spouse because the spouse has a job opportunity
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trailing spouse
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1. deindustrialization 2. globalization 3. offshoring 4. labor units
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what are 4 macroeconomic changes that are affecting the family?
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at age 35, you are HALF as likely to conceive and stay pregnant than someone who is 25
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infertility rate as women age
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household in which TWO adults who are BIOLOGICAL or ADOPTIVE parents with a child from a PREVIOUS RELATIONSHIP marry or cohabit.
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stepfamily
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develop realistic expectations, let children mourn their losses, forge a strong couple relationship, stepparent takes on a disciplinary role gradually, stepfamilies develop their own rituals, work out arrangements between the children's households
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characteristics of successful stepfamilies
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1. Fantasy 2. Immersion 3. Awareness 4. Mobilization 5. Action 6. Contact 7. Resolution
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stepfamily cycle
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people who share physical characteristics that members of a society consider socially important (ex. Skin color)
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race
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conformity of ethnic group members to the dominant group's culture
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assimilation
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maintaining aspects of immigrants' original cultures while living peacefully with the host culture
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pluralism
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adapting to language, values, beliefs, roles, and other characteristics of the host culture
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acculturation
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Maturation- dating sends the message that an adolescent is reaching puberty. she/he has become capable of engaging in developmental tasks such as emotional intimacy outside the family and sexual expression Fun and recreation- going out with people we like relieves boredom, stress, and loneliness Companionship- regardless of one's age, dating can be a valuable source of companionship. It can also ease the heartbreak of being widowed Love and affection- dating is a socially accepted way to enjoy intimacy. Both women and men say that they initiated a date because they were in love or wanted a caring and serious relationship Mate selection- dating is usually a search for a marital partner
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manifest functions of dating
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Socialization- through dating, people learn about expected gender roles; family structures that differ from their own; and different attitudes, beliefs, and values Social status- going out with an attractive or successful person enhances one's social status and prestige Fulfillment of ego needs- being asked out on a date or having one's invitation accepted boosts a person's self-esteem and self-image Sexual experiment and intimacy- females report that their first sexual intercourse occurred in a steady or serious dating relationship. As dating becomes more frequent or committed, young people are more likely to want and have sex
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latent functions of dating
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cultural practice that requires marrying within one's group
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homogamy/endogamy
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cultural practice that requires marrying outside one's group, such as not marrying one's relatives
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heterogamy/exogamy
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displaying kindness and concern for others
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caring
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being close with someone; either friendly or romantically
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intimacy
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state or quality of being dedicated to another person
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commitment
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caring, intimacy, and commitment
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what are the 3 functions of love?
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evaluation research method
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lin, who works at a youth information center, is conducting a social intervention to prevent the negative outcomes of teenage pregnancy. once the social intervention is complete, she will assess whether the intervention generated the expected results by conducting surveys. in such a scenario, lin is using what research method?
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feminist
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clarice thompson, an academician and scholar, believes that all individuals, irrespective of gender, have equal social, economic, and political rights in a society. clarice is most likely a what?
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microsystem
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according to ecological theory, the interconnected behaviors, roles, and relationships that influence a person's daily life are called the
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exosystem
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for children, their parent's employment is part of the
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when the costs of the marriage outweigh the rewards
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according to the social exchange perspective, when does a marriage end in a separation or divorce?
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diaries and the US census
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what are some examples of secondary analysis?
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experiments involve artificial situations whereas field research does not
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what is a difference between experiments and field research?
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manifest
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mate selection is a _______ function of dating
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homogamy/endogamy
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jeremy married sarah, who belongs to the same ethnic group as him. additionally, she is a Christian like him. in this scenario, jeremy is engaging in
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filter theory
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calvin, who is ready to settle down and get married. when he meets single women, he makes a mental note of their education, cultural values, and interests. this helps him narrow down a group of women to a small number of prospective partners. which of the following theories explains calvin's process of finding a spouse?
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geographical closeness
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propinquity, one of the filters in the filter theory, refers to what?
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hypergamy
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what refers to marrying up to a higher social class?
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avoidant
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eric, a six month old baby, is looked after by his nanny while his mom is at work. his nanny is also responsible for other household chores and is often unable to give him sufficient time and attention. when his mother returns, eric often tends to be unresponsive to his mother and ignores her. eric is displaying what sort of infant-mother attachment style?
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ambivalent
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frank, a 28 year old man, falls in and out of love easily. when in a relationship, he often expects commitment instantaneously from his partner. frank is displaying what style?
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eros
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andrew and rachel believe that it was love at first sight when they met. their relationship is characterized by a high degree of physical attraction and intense emotional desire. according to Lee's Styles of Loving, Andrew and Rachel are what kind of lovers?
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mania
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according to sociologist John Lee, which style of love is characterized by obsessiveness, possessiveness, and intense dependency?
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jealousy
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what is a distinguishing characteristic of the mania style of love?
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ludus
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diana often dates several men at a time and enjoys causal dating. she likes to keep her relationships simple and casual because she believes that serious relationships only complicate matters. according to Lee's Style's of Loving, diana exhibits what style of love?
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agape
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what is an altruistic, self-sacrificing love that is directed toward all humankind?
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sexual scripts
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what specifies the formal or informal norms for acceptable or unacceptable sexual activity, including which individuals are eligible for sexual partners, and the boundaries of sexual behavior
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manifest reasons
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in the marriage context, the need for commitment and personal fulfillment are considered to be what sort of reasons?
