"The Social Construction of Race" (Exam 2) – Flashcards

-distinguished between varieties of human populations based on physical attributes -Found a hierarchy of humans (H. Sapiens europeus, H. Sapiens asiaticus, H. sapiens americanus, H. sapiens afer)

-invented the modern racial taxonomy based on geography and phenotype -coined the term caucasian and that it was the ideal racial type

-"races" were categorically distinct -the difference were explained in terms of cranial capacity

-assume a relationship between physical features and behavioral attributes -the idea that there is an association between phenotype and intelligence, morality, ability, etc -the idea that racial traits are not found exclusively within defined "races"

-clines (geography) -conceived in 1960s -continuous variation of a trait over space

-traits are inherited independent of each other (ex: one for hair color, one or eye color) -certain traits can have dominance over others -genotype is the genetic make up, which determines heritability -prevents speciation by introducing genetic material into population -variation across human beings in physical features is related to environmental adaptations -can't assume that people with similar features are of similar heritage -NO fixed biological differences between humans

-coined the term "social race" -"a group assumed to have biological basis but actually perceived and defined in a social context-by a particular culture rather than by scientific criteria."

automatically ascribing a child that's born with two different races into the subordinate race

the status that one is assigned to at birth

laws that enforced racial segregation in marriage and intimate relations

-Cultivated vision of homogeneity -Yet, 10% are minorities -idea of "intrinsic racism"-racial difference is sufficient reason to value one person less than another -Burakumin: stigmatized group of at least 4 million people that are assumed to be genetically different from the majority Japanese

-less exclusionary categories allowed individuals to change their racial classification -racial categories are fluid -more than 500 distinct racial labels -no hypo-descent rule -people can change their racial classifications daily

slaves that created new culture in the cities by pretending to appear like they were dancing when police came by, but really were training to fight.

an 18th century slave who was freed on Christmas day by her master, chose to still stay with him, and became the wealthiest woman in Brazil

the "whitening" process of bringing Europeans into Brazil in hopes of interbreeding