Experiencing the Lifespan – 3rd Edition Chapter 14 – Flashcards
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ADL (activities of daily living) problems
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Difficulty in performing everyday tasks that are required for living independently. ADLs are classified as either basic or instrumental.
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instrumental ADL problems
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Difficulties in performing everyday household tasks, such as cooking and cleaning.
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Alzheimer�s disease
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A type of age-related dementia characterized by neural atrophy and abnormal by-products of that atrophy, such as senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
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lens
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A transparent, disk-shaped structure in the eye, which bends to allow us to see close objects.
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basic ADL problems
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Difficulty in performing essential self-care activities, such as rising from a chair, eating, and getting to the toilet.
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Medicare
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The U.S. government�s program of health insurance for elderly people.
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chronic disease
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Any long-term illness that requires ongoing management. Most chronic diseases are age-related and are the endpoint of normal aging changes.
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neurofibrillary tangles
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Long, wavy filaments that replace normal neurons and are characteristic of Alzheimer�s disease.
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day-care program
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A service for impaired older adults who live with relatives, in which the older person spends the day at a center offering various activities.
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normal aging changes
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The universal, often progressive signs of physical deterioration intrinsic to the aging process.
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elderspeak
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A style of communication used with an older person who seems to be physically impaired, involving speaking loudly and with slow, exaggerated pronunciation, as if talking to a baby.
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nursing home/long-term-care facility
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A residential institution that provides shelter and intensive caregiving, primarily to older people who need help with basic ADLs.
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alternatives to institutionalization
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Services and settings designed to keep older people who are experiencing age-related disabilities that don�t merit intense 24-hour care from having to enter nursing homes.
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osteoporosis
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An age-related chronic disease in which the bones become porous, fragile, and more likely to break. Osteoporosis is most common in thin women and so most common in females of European and Asian descent.
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certified nurse assistant or aide
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The main hands-on care provider in a nursing home who helps elderly residents with basic ADL problems.
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presbycusis
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Age-related difficulty in hearing, particularly high-pitched tones, caused by the atrophy of the hearing receptors located in the inner ear.
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assisted-living facility
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A housing option providing care for elderly people who have instrumental ADL impairments and can no longer live independently but may not need a nursing home.
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continuing-care retirement community
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A housing option characterized by a series of levels of care for elderly residents, ranging from independent apartments to assisted living to nursing home care. People enter the community in relatively good health and move to sections where they can get more care when they become disabled.
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dementia
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The general term for any illness that produces serious, progressive, usually irreversible cognitive decline.
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home health services
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Nursing-oriented and housekeeping help provided in the home of an impaired older adult (or any other impaired person).
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presbyopia
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Age-related midlife difficulty with near vision, caused by the inability of the lens to bend.
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reaction time
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The speed at which a person can respond to a stimulus. A progressive increase in reaction time is universal to aging.
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senile plaques
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Thick, bullet-like amyloid-laden structures that replace normal neurons and are characteristic of Alzheimer�s disease.
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socioeconomic health gap
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The disparity, found in nations around the world, between the health of the rich and poor. At every step up on the socioeconomic ladder, people survive longer and enjoy better health.
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vascular dementia
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A type of age-related dementia caused by multiple small strokes.
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What defines aging successfully?
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it means drawing on what gives life meaning to live fully, no matter how your body behaves. Having self-efficacy and generative msision.
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Why is person-environment fit important?
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the way people function in later lfie depends on thei personal capacities or nature combind with nurture having the right person enviornmental fit
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What similar features do normal aging changes share?
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They are universal and genetically programmed into our DNA. They occur in every member of our species to some degree. They are progressive, growing more proounced as the years pass. ususally disease then disability then death (to a moderate degree)
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Chronic disease is often normal aging ______ ______ ______.
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at the extreme
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When is the label chronic disease used?
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when teh changes become extreme
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What is the top-ranking chronic illness in middle and later life in the U.S.?
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Arthritis (many age related disease are not fatal but disable one)
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What are ADL problems and what is the difference between the two types?
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IADL: troubles performing tasks important for living independently such as being able to cook and clean or drive to the store. BADL: problems with basic self care activities such as standing getting to the bathroom or feeding oneself.
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What is the real enemy in old age?
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ADL impairment
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What is fifty-fifty over age 85?
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half of all people over age 85 who are living in their homes have instrumental ADL difficulties.
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The human lifespan has a defined ______.
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Limit
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What is our species-specific human maximum lifespan?
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100 to 105
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What factors increase the odds of approaching our biological limit?
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living in an affluent nation helps alot
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What influence does socioeconomic status have on the rate at which we age and die?
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wealthier people live healthier and survive for a longer time. Poverty level US adults tend to age faster and die more than five years earlier than their affluent counterparts.
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What is the socioeconomic health gap and why is it important?
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a gap that shows the differences in health due to your income. It is most pronounced between midlife as normal age changes are progressing to chronic disease.
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T or F: The relationship between income and illness becomes stronger during midlife.
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T
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Why is the poverty-illness relationship complex and bidirectional?
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because both poverty could influence your health just as your health could influence your socioeconomic status.
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The two main abilities buffer one developing chronic diseases. most common group of people susceptible to age related illnesses?
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Education and social disconnectedness. AA.
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What are the health and aging differences between men and women?
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men die quicker and sooner, women survive longer but they survive longer by being frail
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Why are women the more resilient sex?
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they are cushioned from late life stressors by a network of family and friends and their second X chromosome gives them a survival advantage from the time they are in the womb. They have fewer heart attacks because their estrogen helps to slow the process by which fat deposits clog the arteries
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Which gender "lives sicker" throughout adult life? Why?
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W, they are more disabled cause they live longer but also females report being in poorer health than males at every stage of adulthood.
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In your own words, summarize the information presented in Figure 14.3.
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obesity and overweight problems has caused more age related illnesses at a younger age then before. The most devastating side effect being diabetes cause it harms alot of the body's parts.
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What happens to sensory-motor abilities as we grow old?
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decline
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What is presbyopia?
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a term for age related difficulties with seeing close objects.
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How does the typical 80- to 85-year-old see the world?
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sensitivity to glare make the world look fuzzier.
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What causes the visual signs of normal aging?
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changes in a structure towards the front of the eye called the lens. It thickens and develops impurities, and so can no longer bend according.
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T or F: Cataracts are incurable.
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F
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What is the key to lessening the impact of normal vision losses as we age?
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Modify the world to better fit your needs and remove stuff that impair your vision.
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Why can hearing impairments present more barriers to living fully in later life than losing our sight?
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Because while poor vision limits our contact with the physical world, hearing losses prevent us from understanding language, our bridge to other minds. So we are deprived of fully entering the human world
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How common are hearing problems in later life?
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1 in 3
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T or F: Women are more likely than men to develop hearing losses in midlife.
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F, men are.
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What is presbycusis?
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the characteristic of age related hearing loss, caused by the atrophy or loss of the hearing receptors, located in the inner ear. Its permanent.
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Older people have special difficulties hearing tones that are ______-pitched.
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high
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Why are hearing-impaired people prone to complain about "all that noise"?
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because background sounds overpower the higher pitched conversations they need to understand
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What is elderspeak?
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the tendency to talk more slowly and in exaggerated tones, similar to infant directed speech, we shouldnt use this type of talk.
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______ tends to put older people out of sync with the physical world.
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slowness
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The decline in the ability to respond quickly to sensory input produces ______ ______ ______.
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a slowed reaction time
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Who is most likely to have osteoporosis?
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Females
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What is the best way to manage motor problems and achieve a delicate person-environment fit?
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encourage them to go outside. Remodel their homes. Give them a scooter. Have your families support.
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Why is driving a special concern for older adults?
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because it involves many sensory a dnmotor skills that arent as good as they used to be plus they could have vision, hearing or body and muscle problems.
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T or F: Older adults have higher accident rates than drivers aged 18 to 25.
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T
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What is true if you look at per-person miles driven?
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old old drivers have accidents rates that out pace thse in the other highest risk group teenagers and emerging adults.
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What steps should society take to reduce the hazards of driving in old age?
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yearly license renewal test, vision test, reaction time test. Driver neuropsychological test. Provide adequate lighting on road signs. Build more roundabouts. constructing fewer car dependent communities.
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What is dementia the catchall label for?
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any illness that produces serious, progressive and often irreversible cognitive decline.
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What are the general symptoms of any later-life dementia?
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they forget basic semantic information, their is an impairment in executive functions, a conscientious person behaves erratically, an extrovert withdraws from the world. Abstract reasoning becomes difficult. cant think through options. their language abilities are compromised. cant name common objects. They may act inappropriately. They may wonder aimlessly and behave recklessly, unaware that they are endangering their lives.
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How can dementia lead to death?
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people may be unable to speak or move. they become bedridden, unable to remember how to eat or even swallow. At that point complications such as infections or pneumonia often lead to death.
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When is the usual onset of dementia?
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in advanced old age people, roughly like 85 or so but its not definitive, the times depends on the person.
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What are dementia's two main causes?
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Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia
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What replaces the neurons in Alzheimer's disease?
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attacks our neurons, in which they wither away and are replaced by a strange wavy structure called neurofibrillary tangles and thick bullet shaped bodies of protein called senile plaques.
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What causes a person's cognitive problems in vascular dementia?
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an impairment in the vascular system, or network of arteries feeding the brain, this accelerates the neural loss. The cognitive problems are caused by multiple small strokes.
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What areas are researchers exploring about Alzheimer's disease?
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stem of the plaques to stem this amyloid cascade before the damage has occurred, and looking an genes.
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What is true of those who carry at least one copy of the APOE-4 marker?
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it doesn't mean the person will definitely get ill, you'll just have a higher risk.
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T or F: Memory-stimulating medicines can stave off the transition from experiencing moderate memory problems to full blown-dementia.
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F
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What do studies suggest about the benefits of exercise?
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slows down plaque formation, stimulates neuron formation. #1 anti-Alzheimer startegy
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What are the main interventions with dementia?
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environmental,providing the best disease-environmental fit for the persona and helping dementia's second casualty-caregivers.
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What are some tips for caregivers?
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provide clear cues to alert the person to the surrounding. Protect the person from getting injured. Offer highly predictable structured daily routine. Dont take insulting comments personally. remember that their is a real person there. grow as a person and show your love. join a caregiver support group.
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Who has cared for the elderly in most of human history?
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family caregivers
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How has elder-care changed in various parts of the world?
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because people are bussier now most newly developed nations are turning to western society wide models of providing elder care
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Where are programs found that allow impaired older people to "age in place"?
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alternatives to institutionalization, government funded home health services.
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What is the name of the U.S. government's program of health insurance for elderly people?
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medicare
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Why is elder-care such a concern in the United States?
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medicare only pays for services defined as cure oriented, it does not cover help with activities of daily living (services such as cooking or cleaning)
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What are the main alternatives to institutionalization?
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a continuing care retirement community assisted living facility day care program home health services.
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What is the main problem with these alternatives?
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they are expensive.
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What is the main risk factor for entering a nursing home?
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being very old
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Who are nursing homes or long-term care facilities designed for?
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people that require 24hr care
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Who finances our nation's nursing homes?
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medicaid
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How accurate are nursing-home stereotypes?
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not completely inaccurate. A vigorous national movement is in place to make nursing homes truly one person centered and attentive to residents needs. But we still have far to go.
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Who is the front-line caregiver in a nursing home?
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CNA
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What can make it difficult to provide adequate care?
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being understaffed and making little money
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What examples are presented about people flourishing in nursing homes?
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people who find their calling eg finding their generativity
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What did Erikson mean by integrity?
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people reflect back on the life they have lived and come away with either a sense of fulfillment from a life well lived or a sense of regret and despair over a life misspent.
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1. Mrs. Taylor is an elderly woman who is having trouble with everyday household tasks, such as cooking. These tasks are called:
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instrumental ADL problems.
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2. Mr. and Mrs. Shumway have worked their way up the socioeconomic status ladder, giving them a better chance of living a healthier and longer life. This relationship between social status and a longer lifespan is called the:
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socioeconomic health gap.
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3. Hispanic Americans living in poverty:
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outlive poverty-level whites. outlive African Americans. offer more social support. ./ are all of these statements.
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4. Professor Stanwyck, a 50-year-old instructor at a community college, is beginning to have problems reading students' papers, especially when the students choose relatively small fonts and print their work on white paper. Professor Stanwyck is probably developing:
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presbyopia.
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5. Mr. Kirshenbaum has reached her late 50s. You can predict she will have all of the following visual problems EXCEPT:
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troubles seeing in dim light. troubles with glare. Except: troubles seeing in daylight. troubles seeing close up.
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6. The main cause of limiting independent living later in life is:
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"lower body" impairments.
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7. Seventy-year-old Mrs. Jones lives in rural Tennessee with her husband. The couple has three daughters who recently came for a visit with the grandchildren. When one of her grandchildren says to her, "Grandma, how long have you lived here?" Mrs. Jones replies, "We've lived in Georgia for the last 20 years." In fact, Mrs. Jones and her family moved away from Georgia almost 40 years ago. Mrs. Jones may be suffering from early stage dementia because she is forgetting ______ information.
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basic semantic
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8. Grace has just recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Grace has a major type of that general category of problem called:
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dementia.
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9. Your friend Carrie is concerned that her mother may be showing early signs of Alzheimer's disease. All of the following are good pieces of advice you could offer her, EXCEPT:
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keep the environment stable and predictable. respect her "personhood." Except: get a brain scan to look at her individual neurons. get help from an Alzheimer's support group.
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10. Which elderly adult with severe ADL impairments is LEAST likely to end up in a nursing home?
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Marge, who is widowed, with one son who lives across country Gerry, who is divorced Least: Pedro, who lives with his wife and who also has a daughter, and grandchildren who are willing to take her in Maurice, who has dementia
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11. Gloria is 40-years old and is employed as a(n) ______, where she provides hands-on care in a nursing home, helping elderly residents with basic ADL problems.
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certified nursing assistant or aide
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1. Yolanda has always been a great cook, but now at the age of 90, is unable to cook for herself although she can still walk and dress herself. Yolanda has a problem with:
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instrumental ADLs.
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2. At age 76, Jason needs almost constant care. He can no longer stand without assistance or go to the bathroom by himself. Jason has problems with:
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basic ADLs.
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3. Although our average life expectancy has increased dramatically, our ______ lifespan hasn't changed at all.
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maximum
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4. Statistically speaking, you can predict that, compared to a middle-class adult, a low-income person will die ______ and become disabled at a(n) ______ age.
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sooner; younger
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5. Mrs. Buchard, an avid knitter, noticed recently that for the first time while she was knitting, she was having trouble seeing the hole through which to pull the needle. Mrs. Buchard is most likely in her:
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late 40s or 50s.
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6. Gertrude, a mentally sharp but physically impaired resident at a local assisted-living facility, complains that the staff talks to her as if she were a baby. The staff is using:
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elderspeak.
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7. Who has the highest accident rates per miles driven?
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people over 75
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8. Mr. Waters was recently diagnosed with dementia. In pinpointing the specific type of dementia, doctors explain that this man's illness, called ______, involves impairments in the vascular blood system, or network of arteries feeding the brain.
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Vascular dementia
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9. Jeannie, a highly intelligent 45-year-old woman, has the APOE-4 marker for Alzheimer's. Jeannie will:
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be more likely to get Alzheimer's in her young-old years.
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10. Mr. Jones has instrumental ADL impairments, has money, lives alone, and does not require 24-hour nursing care. Which care option might be ideal for Mr. Jones?
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an assisted-living facility
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11. William is a certified nursing assistant (CNA) in a nursing home facility. On the wages William makes, he can:
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barely make ends-meet.
