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Food

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Is any substance that provides the nutrients necessary to maintain life and growth when ingested

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Manners

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Complex rules about how meals are consumed.

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Food habits (also called food culture or foodways)

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Refers to the ways in which humans use food, including everything from how it is selected, obtained, and distributed to who prepares it, serves it, and eats it.

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Omnivorous

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Humans are omnivorous, meaning that they can consume and digest a wide selection of plants and animals found in their surroundings. The primary advantage to this is that they can adapt to nearly all earthly environments. The disadvantage is that no single food provides the nutrition necessary for survival.

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THE OMNIVORE'S PARADOX

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Humans must be flexible enough to eat a variety of items sufficient for physical growth and maintenance, yet cautious enough not to randomly ingest foods that are physiologically harmful and, possibly, fatal. This dilemma, the need to experiment combined with the need for conservatism, is known as the omnivore's paradox

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eating

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the incorporation of food.

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green

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people who are concerned with ecology and make consumer decisions based on this concern

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comfort foods

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they satisfy the basic psychological need for food familiarity.

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etiquette

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The appropriate use of food

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commensalism

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who can dine together

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Culture

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is broadly defined as the values, beliefs, attitudes, and practices accepted by members of a group or community.

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enculturation

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Culture is learned, not inherited; it is passed from generation to generation through language acquisition and socialization in a process called...

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ethnicity

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Cultural membership is defined by ______. Unlike national origin or race (which may include numerous ethnic groups), ethnicity is a social identity associated with shared behavior patterns, including food habits, dress, language, family structure, and often religious affiliation.

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intrathnic variation

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Diversity within each cultural group. Also common due to racial, regional, or economic divisions as well as differing rates of acculturation to the majority culture.

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acculturation

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When people from one ethnicity move to an area with different cultural norms, adaptation to the new majority society begins. It takes place along a continuum of behavior patterns that can be very fluid, moving back and forth between traditional practices and adopted customs.

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bicultural

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Happens when the new majority culture is seen as complementing, rather than competing with, an individual's ethnicity. The positive aspects of both societies are embraced, and the individual develops the skills needed to operate within either culture.

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Assimilation

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Occurs when people from one cultural group shed their ethnic identity and fully merge into the majority culture.

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Cultural Super-foods

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Staples that have a dominant role in the diet.

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Prestige Foods

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Often Protein Items Or Expensive Or Rare Foods;

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body image foods

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believed to influence health, beauty, and wellbeing.

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sympathetic magic foods

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whose traits, through association of color or form, are incorporated

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physiologic group foods

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reserved for, or forbidden to, groups with certain physiologic status, such as gender, age, or health condition.

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core and complementary foods model

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the frequency of food consumption

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flavor principles

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the ways in which a culture traditionally prepares and seasons its foods

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meal patterns and meal cycles

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the daily, weekly, and yearly use of food

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developmental perspective of food culture

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changes in food functions that emerge during structural growth in a culture

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core foods

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The expanded concept of _____ states that the staples regularly included in a person's diet, usually on a daily basis, are at the core of food habits. These typically include complex carbohydrates, such as rice, wheat, corn, yams, cassava, taro, or plantains.

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secondary foods

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Foods widely but less frequently eaten are termed _____. These items, such as chicken or lettuce or apples, are consumed once a week or more, but not daily.

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peripheral foods

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Foods eaten only sporadically are called ___. These foods are characteristic of individual food preference, not cultural group habit.

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Terroir

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the soil texture, natural minerals, drainage, source of water, sun exposure, average temperature, and other environmental factors in which grapes are grown

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Flavor Principles

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Unique seasoning combinations. Can be used to classify cuisines culturally.

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Globalization

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is defined as the integration of local, regional, and national phenomena into an unrestricted worldwide organization.

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Consumerization

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the transition of a society from producers of indigenous foods to consumers of mass-produced foods.

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Modernization

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The social dynamics encompassing new technologies and socioeconomic shifts.

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Commoditization

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_______ typifies associated food habits, with foods becoming processed, marketed commodities instead of home-prepared sustenance.

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Urbanization

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Occurs when a large percentage of the population abandons the low density of rural residence in favor of higher density suburban and urban residence.

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Delocalization

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Occurs when the connections among growing, harvesting, cooking, and eating food are lost, as meals prepared by anonymous workers are purchased from convenience markets and fast-food restaurants.

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Migration

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______ creates a significant shift from a home-bound, culture bound society to one in which global travel is prevalent and immigration common

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Inedible foods:

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These foods are poisonous or are not eaten because of strong beliefs or taboos. Foods defined as inedible vary culturally.

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Edible by animals, but not by me:

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These foods are items such as rodents in the United States or corn in France (where it is used primarily as a feed grain). Again, the foods in this category vary widely by culture.

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Edible by humans, but not by my kind:

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These foods are recognized as acceptable in some societies, but not in one's own culture.

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Edible by humans, but not by me:

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These foods include all those accepted by a person's cultural group but not by the individual, due to factors such as preference (e.g., tripe, liver, raw oysters), expense, or health reasons (a low-sodium or low-cholesterol diet may eliminate many traditional American foods). Other factors, such as religious restrictions (as in kosher law or halal practices) or ethical considerations (vegetarianism), may also influence food choices.

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Edible by me:

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These are all foods accepted as part of an individual's dietary domain.

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Taste

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_____ is defined broadly by the sensory properties detectable in foods: color, aroma, flavor, and texture.

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Mouthfeel

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The texture factor provided by fats.

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Self-expression

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The way in which we indicate who we are by behavior or activities, is important for some individuals in food selection, particularly as a marker of cultural identity.

Food and Culture Chapter 1 – Flashcards

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