PSY 213 Exam 4 – Flashcards
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The changing nature of middle age can be accounted for by the fact that
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A) average life expectancy has increased dramatically in the past 100 years. B) people today are more active and productive at later ages. C) medical discoveries have improved health in adulthood. All of these
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Regarding physical changes in middle adulthood, which of the following statements is true?
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Physical changes include changes in appearance such as wrinkles and age spots.
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Which of the following sleep changes are not experienced by individuals in middle adulthood?
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fewer total number of hours spent in sleep than in early adulthood
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During middle age, an individual's height is likely to __________, and their weight is likely to __________
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decrease; increase
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Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength that occurs during middle adulthood is called
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sarcopenia
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Which of the following is the leading cause of death in middle adulthood?
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Cancer
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_________ is the term used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines
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Climacteric
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Which of the following is a physiological cause of erectile dysfunction?
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A) hypertension B) diabetes C) elevated cholesterol all of these
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Which researcher(s) argue(s) that crystallized intelligence increases in middle age, while fluid intelligence decreases?
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John Horn
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The ability to reason abstractly is called ________ intelligence
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Fluid
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________ involves having an extensive, highly organized knowledge and understanding of a particular domain.
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Expertise
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In middle age, individuals need __________ time to learn new information, and long-term memory becomes __________ reliable
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more; less
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Which of the following is not a challenge for the middle-aged worker in the 21st century?
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declining work prospects in the service industries
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Why do psychologists believe leisure takes on increased importance in middle adulthood?
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A) Middle adults need to prepare psychologically for retirement. B) Middle adulthood is a time to discover new interests and activities to fill newly available time after retirement. C) Middle adulthood financial and career changes produce expanded opportunities for leisure. All of these
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In the MacArthur Study of Midlife Development, what percentage of U.S. middle-age adults considered religion or spirituality a major part of their lives?
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70%
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Which of the following statements regarding religious experience is true?
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There are significant increases in spirituality and religion during middle age.
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According to Victor Frankl, which of the following is not one of the three most distinct human qualities?
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religion
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Climacteric
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Midlife transition in which fertility declines
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Crystallized intelligence
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Extensive, highly organized knowledge and understanding of a particular domain
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Fluid Intelligence
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Individual's ability to reason abstractly
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Menopause
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Complete cessation of a woman's menstruation; usually occurs in the late 40s or early 50s
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Which of the following is Erikson's stage for middle adulthood?
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generativity vs stagnation
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Providing nurturance and guidance to children is an example of __________ generativity
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parental
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According to Daniel Levinson, adults experience a transition to middle adulthood from ages:
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40 to 45
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In Levinson's theory, what does BOOM stand for
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Becoming One's Own Man
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Which researcher is associated with the Grant Study of Men?
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George Vaillant
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Which of the following statements concerning a midlife crisis is false?
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Most midlife crises are due to financial insecurities experienced by autonomous males
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The contemporary life-events approach places emphasis on all of the following except:
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the stress created by life events.
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Regarding the cultural context of middle adulthood, which of the following statements is false?
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In many nonindustrialized societies, a woman's status often declines in middle age
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Which of the following reasons is not a criticism concerning male bias in stage theories of adult development?
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Stage theories do not account for unique life events and circumstances that an individual may experience
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Which study demonstrated that the big five factors of personality showed considerable stability over adulthood?
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Costa and McCrae's Baltimore Study
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________ is not one of the big five factors of personality
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Psychoticism
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Which of the following findings would be supported by the cumulative personality model of development?
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After years of experimenting with different social groups, Helen now selectively chooses activities and environments that complement her outgoing personality.
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Which of the following is not an important relationship component for middle-age couples?
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Physical attraction
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Of married adults at midlife, the majority say their marriages are:
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excellent or very good
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Regarding empty nest syndrome, which of the following statements is true?
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Parents who are heavily invested in their children may suffer from a decline in marital satisfaction after children have left home.
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Regarding sibling relationships, which of the following statements is true?
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Adult siblings who are close tended to be close in childhood.
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Regarding intergenerational relationships, which of the following statements is false?
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The majority of middle-aged adults experience the effects of being the "sandwich" generation.
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Which of the following is an example of a boomerang kid?
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A young adult who returns to live with his parents after finishing college and getting a full-time job
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Which of the following is not one of the considerations your author says should be decided upon before an adult child returns home to live with his/her parents?
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How long the child will live in the home.
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In which of the following areas is an adult child least likely to be similar to his or her parents?
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Work orientation
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big five factors of personality
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Emotional stability (neuroticism), extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
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cumulative personality model
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Emphasizes that with time and age, people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote the stability of personality
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empty nest syndrome
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Decrease in marital satisfaction after children leave home
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generativity
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Adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation
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sandwich generation
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Adults with responsibilities for their adolescent and young adult children as well as their aging parents
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Social Clock
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Timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks, such as getting married, having children, and establishing themselves in a career
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Stagnation
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Individuals' sense that they have done little or nothing for the next generation
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________ refers to the number of years a person is likely to live when he or she is born.
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Life expectancy
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The average life expectancy for a person born today in the United States is __________ years
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78
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Individuals who are over 100 years of age are called
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centenarians
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The free-radical theory of aging suggests that:
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people age because inside their cells normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules that ricochet around the cells damaging DNA and other cellular structures
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Which of the following is a common physical change in late adulthood?
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height loss
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When bone tissue loss becomes severe, an older adult has developed:
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ostoeporosis
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Which of the following statements regarding exercise, nutrition, and weight in late adulthood is true?
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Maintaining healthy lifestyles, including exercise, proper diet, and weight control is associated with greater longevity
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Alternatives to nursing homes include all the following except:
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gerontologists.
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Which of the following statements regarding the nature of cognitive change in adulthood is true?
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Some dimensions of cognition decline, while others remain stable or improve.
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Which of the following dimensions tends not to decrease in late adulthood?
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sustained attention
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_______ memory is the retention of information about the where and when of life's happenings
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Episodic
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Another name for implicit memory is __________ memory.
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unconscious
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Which of the following is not a noncognitive factor influencing older adult performance on memory tasks?
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beliefs
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K. Warner Schaie's research focuses on the important links between __________ and the cognitive functioning of older adults.
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training
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Which of the following is a true statement regarding work and late adulthood?
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Some individuals continue a life of strong work productivity throughout late adulthood
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Compared with younger workers, older workers are more likely to:
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experience age-related negative stereotypes
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_________ is a mood disorder in which the individual is deeply unhappy, demoralized, and often bored
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Major Depression
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_________ is a global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning
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Dementia
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Early-onset Alzheimer disease accounts for __________% of cases.
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10%
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Divided attention
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State of concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
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episodic memory
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Retention of information about the where and when of life's happenings
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explicit memory
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Memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state
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free-radical theory
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Microbiological explanation of aging that states that people age because normal cellular metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules. These molecules ricochet around inside cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures
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implicit memory
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Memory without conscious recollection; involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed
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life expectancy
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Number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year
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life span
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Maximum number of years an individual can live; has remained at approximately 120 to 125 years of age
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semantic memory
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Knowledge about the world that includes one's fields of expertise, general academic knowledge, and "everyday knowledge"
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sustained attention
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State of readiness to detect and respond to small changes occurring at random times in the environment
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Wisdom
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Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters
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hormonal stress theory
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The theory that aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resilience to stress and increase the likelihood of disease
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In Erik Erikson's theory, __________ describes the period of development for humans in late adulthood
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integrity versus Despair
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One of the main points of Erikson's theory is that:
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resolution of conflicts from earlier life stages can provide a foundation for many facets of integrity and wisdom in old age
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Which of the following is an example of Erikson's view of integrity?
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Emily, age 72, thinks she made a valuable contribution to numerous lives during her career as a nurse.
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________ involves looking at one's experiences, evaluating them, interpreting them, and sometimes reinterpreting them.
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Life review
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Who suggested that life review is set in motion by looking forward to death?
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Robert Butler
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Which of the following statements regarding life review is true?
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Life review may cause individuals to reevaluate previous experiences and their meaning.
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The __________ theory of social development in late adulthood suggests that older adults become more discriminating about their social networks
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socioemotional selectivity
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According to socioemotional selectivity theory, during late adulthood, emotion-related goals __________, and knowledge-related goals __________
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increase; decrease
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Which of pianist Arthur Rubenstein's behaviors provides an example of optimization in old age?
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Rubenstein spent more time practicing than he did earlier in his life.
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According to Baltes, __________ involves reducing performance in some domains in order to focus on optimal performance in other domains.
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selection
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Prejudice against older adults is called:
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ageism
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Which of the following is not a concern with eldercare?
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concern over the use of Medicare and Medicaid to cover the costs associated with eldercare
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Which of the following statements regarding technology use by older adults is false?
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Older adults are more likely than young adults to critically examine the accuracy of information on the Internet.
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What percentage of adults over 65 years of age are married?
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56%
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n older adults, social support and integration are related to:
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improved physical and mental health, as well as greater longevity
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Older adults are afforded higher positions in society in all cases except when they:
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rely on community resources for basic needs
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________, involving discussion of past activities and experiences with another individual or group, may improve the mood of older adults.
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Reminiscence therapy
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Which of the following statements concerning cohabitation in older adults is false?
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Cohabitating older adults are more likely to have plans to marry their partners than younger ones.
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activity theory
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View that the more active older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives
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altruism
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volunteerism and other behaviors to benefit others
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ageism
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Prejudice against people because of their age. Is particularly problematic when it manifests as prejudice against older adults
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integrity versus despair
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Crisis in which an individual reflects on the past and either sees it as positive or concludes that one's life was not well spent
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selective optimization with compensation theory
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View that successful aging is related to three main factors: selection, optimization, and compensation
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socioemotional selectivity theory
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View that older adults become increasingly selective about their social networks
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A(n) _________ states that life-sustaining procedures not be used to prolong an individual's life when death is imminent
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advance directive
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Dr. Jack Kevorkian's activities are associated with
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assisted suicide, a form of active euthanasia.
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A __________ has the goal of making the end of life free from pain, anxiety, and depression, and a __________ has the goal of curing illness and prolonging life.
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hospice; hospital
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What percentage of all deaths in the United States occur in institutions or hospitals?
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80%
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__________ euthanasia occurs when a person is allowed to die by withholding available treatment, while __________ euthanasia occurs when death is deliberately induced.
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Passive; active
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Active euthanasia is legal in __________ state(s) in the United States?
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1
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What is the typical sequence of emotions in Kübler-Ross's stages of dying?
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bargaining, anger, depression, denial, acceptance
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During which of Kübler-Ross's five stages of dying is it suggested that the person might become silent, refuse visitors, and spend a great deal of time crying and grieving?
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depression
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Which of the following is not a recommended strategy for communicating with a dying person?
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Make small talk to keep their mind off their situation.
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After a loved one dies, it is common for the grieving person to focus on places and things associated with the loved one. Which dimension of grief does this behavior describe?
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Separation anxiety
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_________ grief is a type of grief that involves enduring despair that is still unresolved over an extended period of time.
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Prolonged
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Deaths that are sudden, untimely, violent, or traumatic are likely to have __________ effects on surviving individuals.
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more intense
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Which of the following is a normal grief reaction?
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A) apathy B) loneliness C) pining all of these
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After being diagnosed with an untreatable, terminal form of cancer, Peggy shouted "This isn't fair! I've always exercised and eaten right! Why me?" What stage of dying is Peggy likely experiencing?
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anger
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Which of the following is not a criticism of Kubler-Ross's stages of dying?
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It does not recognize the extensive gender differences in how men and women deal with their emotions.
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Palliative care focuses on:
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reducing pain and suffering, so that individuals can die with dignity.
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What portion of corpses in the United States are cremated rather than buried?
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20%
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Hospice
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Program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible
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active euthanasia
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death induced deliberately, as by injecting a lethal dose of a drug
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bioethics
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the study of the interface between human values and technological advances in health and life sciences.
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death anxiety
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refers to the fact that people are very uncomfortable thinking about their own deaths.
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mourning
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culturally approved ways in which people express their grief
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palliative care
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involves reducing pain and suffering and emphasizes helping individuals die with dignity.
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passive euthanasia
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withholding of available treatments, such as life-sustaining devices, allowing the person to die.
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persistent vegetative state
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a person's cortical functioning ceases while brainstem activity continues.
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prolonged grief
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enduring despair that is still unresolved over an extended period of time.
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hormone replacement therapy (HRT
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augments the declining levels of reproductive hormone production by the ovaries.
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leisure:
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activity that includes simple relaxation, and activities for enjoyment.
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male menopause
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psychological adjustment men must make when they are faced with declining physical energy and with family and work pressures.
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social networks
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the supportive relationships in which individuals are connected to others.
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Appraisal
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evaluation of a situation to determine whether it exceeds a person's resources and is, therefore, stressful.
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Type A personality:
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hard-driving, aggressive personality; at greater risk for heart disease and hypertension.
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Type B personality
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low-key personality; tends to be calm and easy-going
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Alzheimer's disease
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a progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language and eventually physical function.
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arthritis
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inflammation of the joints that is accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems.
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cataracts
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involve a thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted
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dementia
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a global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning.
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evolutionary theory of aging
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natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults.
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glaucoma
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damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by the buildup of fluid in the eye.
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macular degeneration
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a disease that involved deterioration of the macula of the retina, which corresponds to the focal center of the visual field.
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osteoporosis
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chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue and is the main reason many older adults walk with a marked stoop.
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selective attention
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focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant.
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death anxiety
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refers to the fact that people are very uncomfortable thinking about their own deaths.
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brain death
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neurological definition when all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specific period of time.
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Recent research suggests that the struggle for identity does not end after adolescence. Rather, it continues throughout the other stages of Erikson's theory (intimacy and generativity).
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True
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Levinson's theory emphasizes that success at midlife involves accepting both sides of polar struggles (such as being destructive vs. constructive) as being part of one's self.
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True
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When comparing middle-aged adults to young adults, research shows that middle-agers experience more overload stressors that involve juggling too many activities at once.
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True
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Older adults experience more stress than both middle-aged and young adults. Although women do face pressure to remain young, recent research shows that the 50's are considered to be the prime of life for many middle-aged women.
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True
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Although most siblings fight a lot during childhood, during adulthood, siblings develop extremely close relationships.
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True
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Younger grandparents are more likely to show the fun-seeking style of grandparenting than the formal style.
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True
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The gender disparity according to longevity is particularly evident in people older than 85 of whom 70% are female.
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true
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Free-radical decay is thought to be one of the causes of aging which happens when oxidative damage occurs in the cell.
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True
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Physical activity can increase brain volume in older adults.
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true
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Older people's sustained attention abilities do not decline with age.
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True
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Erikson would argue that for a life review to end positively, an older adult must have completed early stages of adult development positively as well.
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True
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Older adults are more satisfied with their marriages than are young and middle-aged adults.
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True
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Volunteering in older adulthood is associated with a number of positive health and social outcomes.
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True
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Older adults tend to report closer relationships with adult daughters compared to sons.
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True
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The difference between being in a coma and being brain dead is that a comatose person may recover and still shows electrical activity in the brain.
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True
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Grieving is best conceived of as a flexibly defined response to death based on whatever is considered appropriate within a cultural context.
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True
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Studies on widows show that they decline financially when their spouse dies.
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True
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Cremation is more popular in Canada and Japan than in the US where only 20% of bodies are cremated.
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True
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Complicated grief typically involves enduring despair that is still unresolved after an extended period of time.
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True
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The most common chronic disorders are heart disease for men and arthritis for women
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True
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Health status in middle age is strongly impacted by increases in chronic disease
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True
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Testosterone therapy does not relieve men's lower sex drive in middle age.
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True
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One of the side effects of taking Viagra to increase sexual performance is seeing blue
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True
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Research shows that taking regular vacations can lengthen your life expectance.
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True
