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an element of democracy that expects citizens to provide for those persons in society who are not as advantaged as others. meaningful change isn society requie a universal social conscioursessa and requires a willingness to redistribute some of the benefits.

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Social Justice

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the general process of learning the social norms of a culture. Through this process we internalize social and cultural roles. We learn what is expected in social roles and occupational roles.

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Socialization

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the inability to view other cultures as equally viable alternatives for organizing reality. the inability to view a culture through its own cultural lens prevents an understanding of the second culture

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Ethnocentrism

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individuals who have competencies in and can operate successfully in two or more cultures are border crossers; they are bicultural or multicultural

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Bicultural

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a society organized according to a theory of cultural pluralism allows two more more distinct groups to function separately and equally without requiring any assimilation of one into the other.

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Cultural Pluralism

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a term that was originally constructed by physical anthropologists to describe physical characteristics of certain people as a way to group them for study.

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Race

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focused on country of origin, takes into account religious and cultural identities

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Ethnicity

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the negative judgement of or feelings about a person based on assignment of negative traits to the group. manifests in feelings of anger, fear, hatred, or mistrust in members of a certain group. negative stereotypes that are unfairly extended as characteritics of all members of the group.

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Prejudice

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when prejudice leads to action, arbitrarily denying something. leads to denial of privileges by the dominant group. occurs at two levels: individual and institutional. individual: based on prejudice. institutional: refers to the inequalities that have been integrated into the system.

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Discrimination

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when other apply to a group generalization without consideration of the individual differences within a group

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Stereotype

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* helps to maintain white privilege because it fails to recognize the existence of racial inequality in schools

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Color blindness

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believed superiority of dominant group, restricted the immigration, protected interests of native born citizens.

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Nativism

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extreme form of ethnocentrism

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Nationalism

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segregation by law

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De Jure Segregation

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segregation caused by a group living in the same community together

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De Facto Segregation

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comprised of unearned advantages that are conferred upon an individual based on membership or assumed membership in a dominant group

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Privilege

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the modification of the culture of a group or an individual as a result of contact with a new culture. does not guarantee acceptance by the dominant group, and discrimination may make it more difficult to acculturate.

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Acculturation

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parents and children learn the language and the culture at the same time (together)

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Consonant

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children learn english and new culture while the parents retain the native language and culture, often leading to conflict within the family and decreasing parental authority.

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Dissonant

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learn the dominant culture and language, but retain significant parts of their native culture.

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Selective

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includes national origin, religion, race, sometimes gender, class, and lifestyle. a person does not have to live in the same community with other members of the ethnic group to identify with the group.

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Ethnic Identity

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believe that there is no god

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Atheist

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argue that we don't know god/gods exist

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Agnostic

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extremely conservative elements of religion (applies to any religious tradition)

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Fundamentalist

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Christianity, Hindu, Islam

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Three Largest World Religions

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early learning of safety will lead to trust in the divine

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Stage 0: Primal/Undifferientated (0-2)

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religion learned through experiences, stories, people around them

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Stage 1: intuitive/Projective (3-7)

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* belief in justice of universe, metaphor and symbols taken literally

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Stage 2: Mythic/Literal (school age)

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onformity to religiou authority; conflicts usually ignored

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Stage 3: Synthetic/Conventional (12-adulthood)

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* takes personal responsibility for ones beliefs; openness to increasing complexity of faith

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Step 4: individuative/reflective (mid 20s-late 30s)

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esolves any conflicts from previous stages; complex understanging of multidimensional "truth"

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Stage 5: Conjunctive (mid life crisis)

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"enlightenment"; people are viewed as from one universal community

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Stage 6: Universalizing

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unearned benefits given on the basis of skin color whites see themselves as non-racial or neutral, the norm Whiteness is taken for granted with no apparent need for a group identity but whites assume a group identity for african american or poc

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White Privilege

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congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; freedom of speech, press, right to assemble, right to petition

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The First Amendment

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the extent to which cultural identity and characteristics are considered to be important, and their maintenance is strived for.

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Cultural Maintenance

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the level of involvement in the culture.

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Contact and participation

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* there is an interest in maintaining ones original culture, while maintaining interaction with other groups * values both cultural maintenance and contact and participation

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Integration/Bicultural competence

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* when individuals do not wish to maintain their cultural identity and seek daily interaction with other cultures * does not value cultural maintenance but values contact and participation

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Assimilation

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* he original culture is vauled and there is an avoidance of contact with other cultures. Segregation is forced separation. * values cultural maintance, but does not value contact and participation

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Segregation

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* here is little possibiltiy or interest in cultural maintance (often because of corced cultural loss), and little interest in having relations with others (often for reasons of exclusion or discrimination) * does not value cultural maintance or contact and participation

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Marginalization

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the mental process which guide behavior. According to this model, behavioral choices stem from motication to act in a certain way. MOtivaion and intentions are a result of different influences including personal variables, situtional constraints, and sociatal structires.

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Social Cognition

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in a new culture, how would someone develop behavior patterns that are adaptive within the larger societal.cultural contect? cultural competence refers to the learned abulity to function in a culture the way that is congruent with values, beliefs, customs, mannerisms, and language of the majority of members of the culture.

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Cultural Competence

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individual behavior reflect identification with larger societal units. This means that societal structures such as groups, organizations, cultures (and individuals within these collective units) guide structure and processes.

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Social Identity

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* an individual in a new culture may choose to expose or hide certain beliefs, ideas, values or behaviors in relation to the way they may be perceived by others. Social stigma results from having an attribute that suggests a devalues social identity, though not necessarily in all contects. Attribures include skin color, homosexuality, mental illness, etc.

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Social Stigma

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* incorporates the idiversity of students in education * an educational strategy in which students cultures are used to develop effective classroom instruction and school environments. It supports and extends the concepts of cultures, diversity, social justice, and democracy to the school setting.

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Multicultural Education

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Knowledge, Awareness, Skill

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Components of multucultural education

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* contact with status quo, oblivious * attitudes toward other whites: accepting, don't question role in society * attitudes toward minorities: evaluated according to white criteria * "you don't act like a black person"

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Contact

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* conscious, conflicted, acknowledgement of whiteness, questioning of "racial realities" they have been taught * attitudes toward whites: fear of rejection * attitudes toward minorities: aware of inequalities of system

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Disintegration

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* falls back into acceptance of status quo * attitudes toward whites: idealizes own racial group * attitudes toward minoritiesL denigrates other racial groups

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Reinitegration

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* active questioning of superiority/inferiority of roles but continued perpetuation of system * attitudes toward whites: intellectualized commitment to one socioracial group * attitudes toward minorities: apparent "tolerance" of minority group

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Pseudo Independance

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* quest for meaning of being white, what is your culture really, may become in racial activism * attitudes toward whites: more truly cognizant of inequalities * attitudes toward minorities: more truly cognizant of inequalities

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Immersion/Emmersion

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* seek to learn from other racial groups, realize importance not being racist * attitudes toward whites: positive commitment, internally self-defined * attitudes toward minorities: seek to learn from other racial group

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Autonomy

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