Review worksheet for chapter 13: Middle Childhood: Psychosocial – Flashcards
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How do Erikson's stages for school-age children and for preschool children differ?
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Industrious- competent, productive Inferior- Incompetent, useless
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Why is social comparison particularly powerful during middle childhood?
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2) Self-concept becomes more specific and logical and less optimistic
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Why do cultures differ in how they value pride or modesty?
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3) Cultures differ in how they treat their children and students; they have different beliefs on pride and modesty
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Why and when might minor stresses be more harmful than major stresses?
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4) Early child-rearing, preschool education, and sociocultural values
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What factors help a child become resilient?
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Why does research on nonshared environments not prove that parents are irrelevant?
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Recent studies have found there is really no such thing as a "shared environment". Children may live together, but shared experiences will affect them in different ways depending on age, personality, and genes. Because every child is different and needs attention based on their needs, the parent's role continues to be important.
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Which of the five family functions is most difficult for divorcing parents to fulfill?
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7. Harmony and stability, because there is not usually a good example of this in the divorced parents' relationship. Also, the children are not able to get into a predictable, protective routine as easily because of the imbalance in family relationships.
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What is the difference between family function and family structure?
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8. Family structure refers to the legal and genetic relationships between family members, whereas family function refers to how the family works through those relationships to meet the needs of each of its members.
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What are the advantages for children of the nuclear family structure?
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9. Children have both parents at home, and there is usually not a problem with overcrowding. The presence of both parents allows them to focus both on providing money/food for family and love for their children.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of a stepparent family?
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10. Pros and cons i. Pros: two parental figures at home; stability and protection ii. Cons: unfamiliarity may lead to mistrust between stepparent and child; psychological hardships for child may vary depending on the age he or she enters stepparent family.
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Why is a safe, harmonious home particularly important during middle childhood?
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Function is more important than structure in every developmental period. No matter what the structure, people need family love and encouragement. Everyone needs affection in some form. (Pg 385)
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How can single parents fulfill the five desirable family functions for children?
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12. How can single parents fulfill the five desirable family functions for children? -Community support for single parents makes a difference. For example, many French parents are unmarried and might be categorized as single parents in the US surveys, but they generally live together and share child rearing. French cohabiting parents separate less often than do married couples in the US. (Pg3 91)
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What is the evidence that school-age children benefit from continuity?
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13. What is the evidence that school-age children benefit from continuity? - I couldn't find it.....but im guessing they did better in school and achieved more overall...??
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What are the advantages and disadvantages for children in an extended family?
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14. What are the advantages and disadvantages for children in an extended family? -Extended families are less costly but can get overcrowded and suppressing to children. (that last part was also common sense but the costly part was found on page 387)
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How does the disapproval of tattletales affect bullies and victims?
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This is an opinion based question. But here is my opinion: The disapproval of tattletales affect bullies and victims because it often leads to bullying being unreported. The victims feel they will get made fun of if they "tattletale" which therefore allows the bully to have more freedom. The bully could also threaten the victim if he/she "tatttletaled".
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How does what children wear reflect the culture of children?
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16.) The child's clothing shows independence and peer-group membership. Also, depending on the culture their wardrobe is determined. For example, if you come from a Muslim background and you must wear a headdress to school, etc.
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How is a child's popularity affected by culture and the child's age?
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17.) Popularity is affected by your culture and your age. For example, in North America culture, shy children are not popular; in contrast, a study conducted in 1990 in Shanghai found that shy children seemed to be respected and often popular in their culture.
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What is the difference between being a bully and being a bully-victim?
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18.) Being a bully is when you hurt others intentionally and consistently. Being a bully-victim means you attack others and you are attacked as well.
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Who is best able to stop bully and why-victim, teacher, another child?
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What is the highest stage of morality, according to Kohlberg?
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20. Postconventional moral reasoning: emphasizes moral principles through logic and abstract thought to go beyond what's concretely observed in society
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What are the main criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
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21. Doesn't take in culture or gender differences into account Assumes that adults values were valid and strong, but that peer's values weren't strong and valid.
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How does children's conversation impact their moral reasoning?
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22. refines/strengthens their belief because they see the logic and understand the right/wrongness of a situation (This wasn't in the book, so I just guessed.)
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Why don't children always accept the moral standards of their parents?
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23. they see their parents' immorality, their peers have different values, and they want to use their own reasoning.
