criminology 6 & 7
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Social strata are created by the unequal distribution of wealth. While the upper-class is exceptionally well-to-do, ______ people live in poverty in America
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37,000,000
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________ are segments of the population whose members have a relatively similar portion of desirable belongings, and who share attitudes, values and norms.
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Social classes
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Oscar Lewis argues that the crushing lifestyle of lower-class areas produces ________ that is passed on from one generation to the next.
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a culture of poverty
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Which theory focuses on the urban conditions, such as high unemployment and school dropout rates, to explain crime?
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social disorganization theory
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Strain theory holds that crime is a function of
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conflict between people's goals and means.
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Social disorganization theory was popularized by the work of two Chicago sociologists:
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Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
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Shaw and McKay explained crime and delinquency within the context of
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the changing urban environment and ecological development of the city.
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According to the author, the most important of Shaw and McKay's findings was that
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crime rates correspond to neighborhood structure
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According to Shaw and McKay, a __________ neighborhood is an area wracked by extreme poverty and suffering high rates of population turnover.
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transitional
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Social ecology school criminologists associate crime rates and the need for police services to
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community deterioration.
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What is the result of ineffective community social control efforts?
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Crime rates increase.
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When members of the lower-class are unable to achieve symbols of success via conventional means they feel anger, frustration, and resentment. These feelings are collectively referred to as
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strain.
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What two elements of culture interact to produce anomie and/or anomic conditions?
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culturally defined goals and socially approved means for obtaining them
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According to institutional anomie theorists, the _________ is both a goal and process to accumulate goods and wealth.
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American Dream
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Judith and Peter Blau developed the concept of __________, the idea that anger and mistrust result from perceptions of inequality that lead lower-class people to feel deprived and embittered in comparison with those more affluent.
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relative deprivation
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Agnew suggests that criminality is the direct result of __________ - the anger, frustration and adverse emotions associated with destructive social relationships
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negative affective states
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General strain theory is not purely a structural theory because it focuses on how _____ influence behavior.
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life events
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Because social conditions prevent them from achieving success legitimately, lower-class youths experience a form of culture conflict that Albert Cohen labels
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status frustration
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Walter Miller identified the unique conduct norms that define the lower-class culture and that often clash with conventional values. Which of the following is not one of those norms?
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Education
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Subcultural values are handed down from one generation to the next in a process called
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cultural transmission
