Unit 10 Basic Genetics Study Guide
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number of haploid cells at the end of meiosis
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four
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tt; short pea plant; two recessive alleles
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homozygous recessive
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physical characteristics, determined by observation; an organisms physical appearance
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phenotype
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the percent chance that a couple has of having a particular sex of child every time they have a child
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50%
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first generation of children from the parents; the offspring from the first cross;
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F1
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the parental generation; the parents;
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P1
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factors that control traits; a section of DNA that controls a trait an organism has
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genes
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offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait
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hybrid
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an organism that always produces offspring with the same form of a trait as the parents
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purebred
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TT
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homozygous dominant
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heterozygous
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Tt
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the likelihood that a particular event will occur
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probability
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chart that shows all of the possible outcomes of a genetic cross
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Punnett square
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genes are carried from parents to offspring on chromosomes
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chromosome theory of inheritance
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amount of chromosomes each sex cell contributes to the offspring
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half
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different forms of a gene; an alternative form of a gene
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alleles
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an organisms genetic makeup;
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genotype
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having two identical alleles for a trait; an organism that has two dominant (TT) or two recessive (tt) alleles
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homozygous
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an organism that has one dominant and one recessive allele (Tt)
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heterozygous
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passing traits from parent to offspring
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heredity
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the study of heredity
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genetics
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father of genetics, studied the pea plant
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Gregor Mendel
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trait that always shows up; TT, Tt; will appear in the organism
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dominant trait
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trait that is masked or covered up; trait that only shows if there are two in the genotype; tt
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recessive trait
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a cross used to determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype; cross the dominant (TT or Tt?) with a known recessice (tt) to determine if the organisms is homozygous dominant or heterozygous
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test cross
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characteristics that are inherited
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traits
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says that because an organism has two different alleles, it can produce two different types of gametes; during fertilization male and female gametes randomly pair to produce four combinations of alleles
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law of segregation
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genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other
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law of independent assortment
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meiosis produces cells with half the number of chromosomes
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differences between mitosis and meiosis
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a fertilized egg cell
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zygote
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having half the normal number of chromosomes; n
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haploid
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having the normal number of chromosomes; 2n
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diploid
