Chapter 10 - Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood

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During the elementary years, a child's self-understanding includes increasing reference to all of the following EXCEPT:

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d. physical characteristics.

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In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are MORE likely than children in early childhood to:

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a. compare themselves with others.

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_____ is at work in perspective taking.

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c. Executive functioning

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Which of the following statements about perspective taking is NOT true?

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a. In middle and late childhood, children show a decrease in perspective-taking.

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In terms of _____ behavior, taking another's perspective improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when they are distressed or in need.

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d. prosocial

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Eight-year old Trey stands in front of a group of kids and says, "I am smart." Which of the following is the most plausible reaction to this incident?

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b. Children 10-11 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report.

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Which of the following terms refers to self-evaluations in the different domains of an individual's life?

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a. Self-concept

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_____ refers to global evaluations of the self.

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c. Self-esteem

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_____ is also called self-worth or self-image.

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b. Self-esteem

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Mary thinks that she is a good person. This observation reflects Mary's _____.

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d. self-esteem

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When Robert says, "I have brown eyes and black hair," it reflects Robert's _____.

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b. self-concept

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The correlation between self-esteem and school performance is:

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b. moderate.

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Children with high self-esteem typically:

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b. are prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions.

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Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this?

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d. They may have difficulty handling competition and criticism.

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Children have the highest self-esteem when:

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b. they perform competently in domains that are important to them.

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The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called _____.

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c. self-efficacy

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_____ is the belief that "I can"; helplessness is the belief that "I cannot."

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d. Self-efficacy

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Students with _____ endorse such statements as "I know that I will be able to learn the material in this class" and "I expect to be able to do well at this activity."

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a. high self-efficacy

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Albert Bandura states that _____ is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve.

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a. self-efficacy

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Students with _____ for learning may avoid many learning tasks, especially those that are challenging.

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c. low self-efficacy

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Which of the following is true of Dale Schunk's findings about students with high self-efficacy?

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c. They persist longer at learning tasks than students with low self-efficacy.

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The increased capacity for self-regulation that is seen in middle and late childhood is linked to developmental advances in the:

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c. brain's prefrontal cortex.

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Darren is a 12-year-old active boy. Sometimes when his friend Simon cheats on the game, he tends to get irritated. However, Darren controls his anger and tries explaining to Simon why it is bad practice to cheat. Which developmental aspect is Darren displaying in his actions?

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b. Self-regulation

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Which of the following is NOT true of self-regulation?

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d. It is characterized by an eagerness to perform challenging tasks.

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Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, appearing during middle and late childhood, is called:

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a. industry versus inferiority.

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Julio, 12, cannot get his science project to work. In fact, it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly. According to Erik Erikson, Julio is at risk for developing a sense of:

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b. inferiority.

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Keith is trying to help his son, Judd, deal with the devastating floods that left 40,000 people in the Midwest homeless. Judd's mother and two sisters were among those who lost their homes and all of their belongings in this natural disaster. One strategy Keith should NOT implement is to:

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c. allow his child to watch repeated news footage of the tragedy.

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Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral development by:

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b. presenting children with a series of stories in which characters face moral dilemmas.

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Megan bases her moral decisions on fear of punishment. According to Kohlberg, which level of moral development is Megan currently in?

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a. Preconventional reasoning

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According to Kohlberg, which of the following is the first stage of moral development?

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c. Punishment and obedience orientation

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According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, during which of the following stages do people pursue their own interests but also let others do the same?

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b. Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

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Clarissa thinks that people should be nice to others so that others are nice to them. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stage is Clarissa currently in?

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a. Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

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Tapi believes that all human beings have certain inalienable rights that need to be protected. She believes that the current law in her country that prohibits interracial marriage is unfair and should be changed. According to Kohlberg, which of the following describes Tapi's level of moral reasoning?

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a. Postconventional

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At which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development do individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments?

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c. Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

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Which of the following stages of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is characterized by moral judgments based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty?

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b. Social systems morality

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When asked why she participated with other students in a protest against treatment of women on her campus, Kai says that all human beings should have equal rights. According to Kai,

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the university has rules that treat women unfairly and she is morally against such discriminatory practices. What is Kai's likely moral level according to Lawrence Kohlberg? a. Postconventional reasoning

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At which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development does a person understand that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law?

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d. Social contract or utility and individual rights

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A person is arrested for stealing company documents and says, "Yes, I did steal the documents, and I am willing to go to jail for it. These documents prove that the company was engaging in a cover-up of the unsafe properties of its chemical.

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I think the public has a right to know about it." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify this person as using _____ reasoning. d. postconventional

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According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the highest stage of moral development is called:

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d. universal ethical principles.

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When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, a person who is at the _____ stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development will follow conscience, even though the decision might involve personal risk.

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a. universal ethical principles

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Kohlberg emphasized perspective taking and _____ as critical aspects of the social stimulation that challenges children to change their moral reasoning.

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b. peer interaction

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Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

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c. There is too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior.

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More than 80 percent of the respondents to a survey said that buying a stolen television set is morally wrong. Yet 50 percent admitted they would buy a stolen set if guaranteed they would not be caught. These data indicate:

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d. that for many people, moral belief does not predict moral behavior.

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Which of the following statements about Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development is true?

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b. In some cultures, high levels of moral reasoning derive from different values than those that form the basis of Lawrence Kohlberg's claims.

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Carol Gilligan has criticized Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development because:

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a. it is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships.

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According to Carol Gilligan, Kohlberg's theory puts _____ at the heart of morality.

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d. justice

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In contrast with Kohlberg's theory, Gilligan argues for a(n) _____ perspective, which is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

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b. care

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Nasrin believes that in regards to morality, the focus should be on abstract principals rather than relationships and others. Therefore, she has a _____ orientation.

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c. justice

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Fernando doesn't cut in line, raises his hand in class before talking, and stops his car at stop signs on the road. He focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system.

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Which of the following best describes Fernando's reasoning? d. Social conventional reasoning

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Which of the following would NOT be considered an arbitrary rule?

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d. Stealing money from a person

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Moral rules are widely accepted, somewhat impersonal, and:

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b. obligatory.

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Four-year-old Maria is sharing one of her favorite toys with her younger brother. According to the developmental progression described by William Damon, Marie's sharing is MOST likely motivated by a sense of:

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b. obligation.

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Children's sharing comes to reflect a more complex sense of what is just and right during:

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c. middle and late childhood.

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At what age do children begin to express objective ideas about fairness?

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b. At around 6 years

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Individuals who _____ have the moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment.

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c. are characterized as moral exemplars

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Broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females, such as "boys play with trucks and girls play with dolls", are known as gender:

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c. stereotypes.

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Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping is NOT true?

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a. Girls' gender stereotypes are more rigid than boys' gender stereotypes.

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One area of math in which boys were found to be better at is:

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c. visuospatial skills.

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In which of the following areas has it been found that girls exhibit better skills than boys?

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b. Verbal skills

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Males report experiencing and expressing more _____ than do females.

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c. anger

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Across childhood and adolescence, research suggests that:

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a. females engage in more prosocial behavior.

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According to the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, which of the following can be described as a feminine item?

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d. Understanding

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Cassandra is assertive and nurturant. She could be described as _____.

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d. androgynous

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According to Sandra Bem, which of the following is correct?

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a. Androgynous individuals are more mentally healthy than their masculine or feminine counterparts.

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According to Pollack, what is the result of the traditional ways of raising boys?

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c. A "national crisis of boyhood"

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Which of the following is TRUE regarding the differences in helping behavior of males versus females?

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b. Males are more helpful when the context is masculine in nature.

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Which of the following techniques will parents tend NOT to use to discipline elementary school children?

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a. Coercive holding

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Middle childhood is a period in which some control is transferred from parent to child. This process is gradual and produces _____.

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c. coregulation

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Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy?

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b. Learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis

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Which of the following is NOT true about developmental changes in parent-child relationships?

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a. Elementary school children tend to receive more physical discipline than they did as preschoolers.

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Angie's mother allows her to schedule her own study and relaxation times, with the expectation that Angie must continue doing well in school and must discuss her activities with her mother ahead of time.

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Angie's mother checks on Angie's school progress frequently and also talks to her about her social life and problems. This approach is called: d. coregulation.

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The major shift to autonomy does not occur until about age _____ or later.

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c. 12

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Only _____ of stepfamily couples stay remarried.

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b. one-third

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Which of the following statements about stepfamilies is not true?

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a. The largest number of stepfamilies is preceded by death of a spouse.

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In one analysis, _____ percent of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems.

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c. 25

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Erica, who has two children, marries Wayne who has a daughter from a previous marriage. After the union, their family will be considered a _____ stepfamily.

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a. complex

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Peer competence in middle and late childhood has been linked to:

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d. better relationships with coworkers in early adulthood.

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Which of the following statements about peer groups and peer interactions in middle and late childhood is true?

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a. Children in middle and late childhood spend approximately 30 percent of their time with peers.

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The term that describes the extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group is:

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d. sociometric status.

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All of the following are peer statuses EXCEPT _____.

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d. conforming

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Bellah sits in the back of the room, and very few of the children in class even know his name. He does not have any best friends, but he is not disliked by his classmates. Which of the following is Bellah's probable sociometric status?

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b. Neglected

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Most of Blanca's classmates call her a "bully," and many say that they "don't like her at all." Very few children consider her to be a friend. Which of the following is Blanca's probable sociometric status?

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c. Rejected

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_____ children give out reinforcements, listen carefully, maintain open lines of communication with peers, are happy, control their negative emotions, act like themselves, show enthusiasm and concern for others, and are self-confident without being conceited.

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d. Popular

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Ayden is rarely nominated as someone's best friend. Many children in his class report actively disliking him. He would be classified as a _____ child.

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b. rejected

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Gavin is rarely nominated as a best friend but his peers don't dislike him. He would be classified as a _____ child.

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c. neglected

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Which of the following is the best predictor of whether rejected children would engage in delinquent behavior or drop out of school later during adolescence?

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b. Aggression toward peers in elementary school

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According to John Coie, which of the following is NOT one of the reasons why aggressive peer-rejected boys have problems in social relationships?

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a. Rejected children are more focused on maintaining positive relationships with peers.

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How can rejected children be trained to interact more effectively with their peers?

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b. They should be taught to more accurately assess whether the intentions of their peers are negative.

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An aggressive boy's interpretation of an encounter as hostile and his classmates' perception of his behavior as inappropriate are examples of _____ in behavior development.

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d. social cognition

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According to Kenneth Dodge, aggressive boys are more likely to perceive another child's actions as hostile when:

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b. the child's intention is ambiguous.

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Compared to nonaggressive children, which of the following observations is not true of aggressive boys searching for cues to determine a peer's intention(s)?

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d. They respond more ambiguously.

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In a national survey of more than 15,000 sixth- through tenth-grade students, nearly _____ students reported experiencing bullying as either a victim or a perpetrator.

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c. one of every three

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Which of the following is the MOST frequent type of bullying among girls?

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a. Subject of sexual comments or gestures

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Which of the following types of bullying is experienced more frequently by boys than girls?

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c. Belittled about religion or race

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According to a recent study, which of the following is NOT true regarding observations on bullying?

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b. Girls and younger high school students were most likely to be affected by bullying.

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Which of the following is the result of a recent study on children's perspective-taking skills?

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a. Only bully-victims—but not bullies—were deficient in perspective taking.

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According to a recent study on aggressive groups of children:

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b. aggressive bullies and aggressive bully-victims had a deficiency in moral motivation.

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According to the analysis of a recent study on children's perspective-taking skills, the general perception of bullies was confirmed by all of the following EXCEPT:

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d. morally sensitive.

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Children's friendships are typically characterized by:

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c. similarity.

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Which of the following is the approach of the bullying intervention program created by Dan Olweus?

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b. Decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying

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Johnny says he likes his best friend, Andy, because Andy is fun and talks about interesting things. Johnny also says Andy encourages him to do his best and comforts him when he fails. Which of the following functions of children's friendships is Johnny describing?

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a. Stimulation and ego support

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Which of the following is NOT a function of childhood friendships?

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b. Cultural regulation

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Ten-year-old Jose finds that he needs his friend, Richard, to talk to in order to know whether Jose's feelings about his own brothers and sisters are normal. Which friendship function does Richard provide in this case?

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c. Social comparison

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Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing time, resources, and assistance?

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a. Physical support

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Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing encouragement and feedback, thus allowing children to maintain an impression of themselves as competent, attractive, and worthwhile individuals?

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d. Ego support

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Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing interesting information, excitement, and amusement?

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b. Stimulation

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_____ is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.

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b. Intimacy in friendships

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Studies on friendship reveal that sixth-grade students who did not have a friend:

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a. engaged in less prosocial behavior.

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The belief that children should be encouraged to explore their world and discover knowledge with the guidance and support of teachers is central to the _____ approach to learning.

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a. constructivist

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Mr. Trahan teaches English from a constructivist approach to learning. In his classroom, it is LEAST likely that the students will be:

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c. memorizing the names of all of Shakespeare's plays.

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Educational experts agree that students with a disability in reading or writing will do best in a:

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a. direct instruction approach.

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What is the result of the public and government demand for increased accountability from schools?

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a. The spread of state-mandated tests to measure just what students had or had not learned

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Which of the following results do advocates of state-mandated testing argue will be positive outcomes of the testing?

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b. Increased student performance and more time teaching subjects tested

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Which of the following is NOT an argument against state-mandated tests?

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d. Too much focus on developing the students' thinking skills

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Which of the following situations might be true for students who live in poverty?

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c. They are more likely to have young, inexperienced teachers.

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Which of the following is true of schools in low-income areas?

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d. Teaching is more likely to encourage rote learning.

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_____ is a program designed to increase parental employment and reduce family poverty.

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c. New Hope

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Which of the following is one of the findings of the evaluation of the New Hope program?

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d. Adolescents were more competent at reading compared with adolescents in the control group.

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African American students are _____ times as likely as Latinos, Native Americans, or Whites to be suspended from school.

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b. two

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All of the following are effective ways to improve relationships among ethnically diverse students EXCEPT:

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c. turning the classroom into a segregated learning experience.

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While researching the reasons for the large cross-cultural differences, Stevenson and his colleagues observed that more than _____ of total classroom time in the first grade was spent on math instruction in Japan, compared with only _____ of the time in the U.S. first-grade classrooms.

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a. one-fourth; one-tenth

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Carol Dweck defines the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves as:

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c. mindset.

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Carol Dweck (2006) concluded that individuals have one of two mindsets, namely fixed mindset and:

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b. growth mindset.

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Individuals with a(n) _____ mindset believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort.

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d. growth

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Karen believes that her qualities and learning abilities cannot change no matter how much effort she gives. Therefore, she has decided not to try at all and let her grades plummet. According to Carol Dweck, which of the following best describes Karen's mindset?

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c. Fixed

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This social cognitive theorist states that self-efficacy is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve.

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Answer: Albert Bandura

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This psychosocial theorist proposed that there are eight stages of human development. The fourth stage, industry versus inferiority, appears during middle and late childhood.

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Answer: Erik Erikson

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This theorist criticizes most theories of moral development and argues that they reflect a gender bias. He/she proposed an alternate perspective that emphasizes connectedness with others.

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Answer: Carol Gilligan

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The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

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Answer: Self-efficacy

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The third level of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning. At this the highest level, morality is more internal.

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Answer: Postconventional reasoning

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The presence of positive masculine and positive feminine characteristics in the same individual.

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Answer: Androgynous

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A peer status held by children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by peers.

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Answer: Rejected children

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A structured, teacher-centered approach that is oriented toward the goal of maximizing student learning time.

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Answer: Direct instruction approach

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Leilani is in a class where the teacher emphasizes learning through things like drama productions, team activities, and a variety of other activities. The class works in cooperative groups for history reports and science projects. Identify the teaching style that Leilani's teacher is utilizing.

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Answer: Jigsaw classroom

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Carol Dweck defines this as the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves.

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Answer: Mindset

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How the development of self-understanding change from middle to late childhood? Illustrate your answer with examples. Answer: In middle and late childhood, especially from 8 to 11 years of age, children increasingly describe themselves with psychological

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characteristics and traits in contrast to the more concrete self-descriptions of younger children. In addition, during the elementary school years, children become more likely to recognize social aspects of the self.

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Children's self-understanding in the elementary school years also includes increasing reference to social comparison.

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In sum, in middle and late childhood, self-description increasingly involves psychological and social characteristics, including social comparison.

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Distinguish between self-esteem and self-concept. Answer: Self-esteem refers to global evaluations of the self; it is also called self-worth or self-image.

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Self-esteem reflects perceptions that do not always match reality. Self-concept refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self. Children can make self-evaluations in many domains of their lives—academic, athletic, appearance, and so on.

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Define self-efficacy. How do children with low self-efficacy for learning differ from children having high self-efficacy for learning?Answer: Self-efficacy is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

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Children who have low self-efficacy for learning avoid many learning tasks, especially those that are challenging. Children with high self-efficacy for learning are more likely to attempt new learning tasks, expend more effort, and persist longer than children with low self-efficacy.

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List and describe the levels of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Answer: Lawrence Kohlberg describes three levels of moral thinking, each of which is characterized by two stages. Preconventional reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning.

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It consists of two stages: punishment and obedience orientation stage 1 and individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange stage 2.Conventional reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this level, individuals apply certain standards, but they

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are the standards set by others, such as parents or the government. The conventional reasoning level consists of two stages: mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity stage 3 and social systems morality stage

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4.Postconventional reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this level, morality is more internal. The postconventional level of morality consists of two stages: social contract or utility and individual rights stage 5 and universal ethical principles stage 6.

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Explain the concept of androgyny and give an example of a person who is androgynous.

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Answer: Androgyny refers to the presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person. Example: a boy who is both assertive masculine and nurturant feminine.

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Distinguish between the constructivist and direct instruction approaches to student learning. Answer: The constructivist approach is a learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.

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The direct instruction approach is a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, mastery of academic skills, high expectations for students' progress, maximum time spent on learning tasks, and efforts to keep negative effect to a minimum.

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List three possible problems associated with state-mandated testing in schools. Answer: According to critics, the NCLB legislation creates more problems than it tries to solve. One criticism stresses that using a single test as the sole indicator of students' progress and competence

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presents a very narrow view of students' skills. Secondly, teachers end up spending far too much class time "teaching to the test" by drilling students and having them memorize isolated facts at the expense of teaching that focuses on thinking skills, which students need for success in life.

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It is also pointed out that while one of NCLB's goals was to raise standards for achievement in U.S. schools,

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allowing states to set their own standards likely has lowered achievement standards.

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How do schools in low-income areas compare with those in high-income areas? Answer: Compared with schools in higher-income areas, schools in low-income areas are more likely to have more students with low achievement test scores, low graduation rates, and smaller

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percentages of students going to college; they are more likely to have young teachers with less experience; and they are more likely to encourage rote learning.

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Too few schools in low-income neighborhoods provide students with environments that are conducive to learning and many of the schools' buildings and classrooms are old and crumbling.

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In sum, far too many schools in low-income neighborhoods provide students with environments that are not conducive to effective learning.

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Mrs. Collins is a teacher who needs to develop a strategy for improving relations among ethnically diverse students. List some strategies that she may employ to obtain positive results. Answer: Following are some strategies for improving relationships among ethnically diverse students:

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Turn the class into a jigsaw classroom where students of different backgrounds are placed into cooperative groups. Encourage students to have positive personal contact with diverse other students.

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Reduce bias by doing such things as displaying images of children from diverse ethnic and cultural groups and selecting classroom activities that encourage cultural understanding.

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View the school and community as a team to help support teaching efforts. Be a competent cultural mediator.

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In analyzing the performance of American students compared to students in selected Asian countries, what differences did Stevenson and his colleagues observe between the Asian and American parents?

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Answer: The American parents had much lower expectations for their children's education and achievement than did the Asian parents.

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Also, the American parents were more likely to believe that their children's math achievement was due to innate ability; the Asian parents were more likely to say that their children's math achievement was the consequence of effort and training.

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The Asian students were more likely to do math homework than were the American students, and the Asian parents were far more likely to help their children with their math homework than were the American parents.

Chapter 10 – Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood

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