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Memory

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Retention of information over time.

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Memory Illusion

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False but subjectively compelling memory.

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Sensory Memory

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Brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory.

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Iconic Memory

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Visual sensory memory

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Echoic memory

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Auditory sensory memory

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Short-Term Memory

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Memory system that retains information for limited durations

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Decay

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Fading of information from memory over time.

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Interference

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Loss of information from memory because of completion from additional incoming information.

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Retroactive Interference

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Interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information.

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Proactive Interference

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Interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of information.

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Magic Number

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The span of short-term memory, according to George Miller: seven plus or minus two pieces of information.

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Chunking

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Organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short-term memory.

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Rehearsal

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Repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory.

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Maintenance Rehearsal

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Repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short-term memory.

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Elaborative Rehearsal

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Linking stimuli to each other in meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory.

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Levels of Processing

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Depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it.

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Long-Term Memory

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Relatively enduring (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills.

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Permastore

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Type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent.

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Primacy Effect

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Tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well.

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Recency Effect

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Tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well.

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Serial Position Curve

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Graph depicting both primacy and recency effects on people's ability to recall items on a list.

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Semantic Memory

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Our knowledge of facts about the world.

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Episodic Memory

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Recollection of events in our lives.

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Explicit Memory

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Memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness.

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Implicit Memory

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Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

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Procedural Memory

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Memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits.

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Priming

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Our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we've encountered similar stimuli.

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Encoding

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Process of getting information into our memory banks.

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Mnemonics

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A learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall.

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Storage

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Process of keeping information in memory

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Schema

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Organized knowledge structure or mental model that we've stored in memory.

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Retrieval

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Reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores.

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Retrieval cue

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Hint that makes it easier for us to recall information.

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Recall

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Generating previously remembered information.

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Recognition

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Selecting previously remembered information from an array of options.

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Relearning

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Reacquiring knowledge that we'd previously learned but largely forgotten over time.

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Distributed versus massed practice

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Studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed).

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Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon

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Experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it.

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Encoding Specificity

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Phenomenon of remembering something better, when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encode them.

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Context-Dependent Learning

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Superior retrieval of mnemonics when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context.

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State-Dependent Learning

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Superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding.

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Long-Term Potentiation

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Gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation.

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Retrograde Amnesia

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Loss of memories from our past.

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Anterograde Amnesia

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Inability to encode new memories from our experiences.

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Meta-memory

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Knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations.

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Infantile amnesia

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Inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age.

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Flashbulb memory

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Emotional memory that is extraordinary vivid and detailed.

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Source monitoring confusion

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Lack of clarity about the origin of a memory.

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Cryptomnesia

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Failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else.

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Suggestive Memory Technique

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Procedure that encourages patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place.

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Misinformation Effect

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Creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place.

Psychology: from Inquiry to Understanding: Chapter 7

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