A & P 2 Chapter 19 Learnsmart (HEART)
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Which of the following structures are considered to be part of the cardiac conduction system?
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Purkinje fibers, AV node, & SA node
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______ are short, thick, branched muscle of the heart.
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Cardiocytes
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A normal heart rate, triggered by the SA node, is reffered to as _______ rhythm.
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sinus
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Which of the following are components of the cardiovascular system?
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capillaries, heart, veins, & arteries
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The heartbeat is coordinated by the cardiac ______ ____.
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conduction system
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The volume of blood ejected by the ventricles per minute is the:______
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Cardiac output
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The study of the heart and its disorders is known as:____
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Cardiology
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The _________ circuit of the cardiovascular system carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange & returns it to the left atrium of the heart.
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Pulmonary
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Place the following chambers in the correct order to best represent the flow of blood through the heart once blood has returned to the heart from the SVC & IVC.
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1. Right atrium 2. Right ventricle 3. Left atrium 4. Left ventricle
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The ___________ is the layer that lines the inner chambers of the heart.
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endocardium
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The broad flat superior top portion of the heart is known as the ________.
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base
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Carrying the action potentials, the _____ _______ spread throughout the ventriclar myocardium to excite the ventricles.
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Purkinje fibers
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The _________ is a composite recording of all nodal & myocardial action potentials.
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ECG
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List in the correct order the major phases of the cardiac cycle following ventricular filling.
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1. isovolumetric contraction 2. ventricular ejection 3. isovolumetric relaxation
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The depolarization of the SA node is due to the inflow of _____ & ______.
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Calcium & Sodium
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The term ___ refers to the contraction of the heart.
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systole
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Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
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Right
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The part of the cardiac conduction system which acts as the pacemaker is the __________.
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SA node
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Systemic circulation pumps blood from the ___ side of the heart, to the _________ and then back to the _____ side of the heart.
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left, body tissues, & right
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The thick inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries are the right & left:________
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ventricles
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The _____ side of the heart supplies blood to the systemic circuit.
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left
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The inferior end of the heart that tapers to a blunt point immediately above the diaphragm is called the ____ of the heart.
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apex
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List in order the events of an action potential of a ventricular cardiocyte.
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1. Voltage-gated Na channels open 2.Influx of Na causes more Na channels to open;depolarization 3. Na channels close close as membrane potential peaks at +30mV 4. Ca enters through slow calcium channels; creates plateau 5.Ca channels close, K channels open;repolarization
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The term ______ refers to relaxation of the heart.
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diastole
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What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton?
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Provides structural support for the heart, Anchors the cardiocytes & give them something to pull against, & Provides electrical insulation between the atria & ventricles
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As a chamber, such as a cardiac ventricles, contracts just prior to reducing its volume, the pressure of the fluid within would ______.
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Increase
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Cardiac out put is equal to:
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SVxHR
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The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle is ______ the amount of blood pumped by the right ventricle.
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equal to
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Excitation in the cardiac conduction system leaves the AV node by the way of the ______.
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AV bundle
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Indicate which of the chemicals can cause an increase in HR
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Caffine, thyroid hormone, nicotine
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The portion of the cardiac conduction system located in the lower end of the interatrial septum is the _____.
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AV node
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The circuit of the cardiovascular system that carries blood to the body (excluding the inferior of the lungs) then returns it to the right side of the heart is the _____ circulation.
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systemic
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The broad superior part of the heart is the ____ of the heart.
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base
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The cells of the SA node spontaneously depolarize. The local potential that leads to action potentials in these cells is called a _____ potential.
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pacemaker
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The blood pressure in the great arteries determines the ______ of the heart.
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afterload
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The outerwall of the pericardium consisting of a fibrous layer lined by a serous layer is the:
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Pericardial sac
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The pacemaker potential of SA node cells is due to the influx of _____ ions.
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Sodium
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One specific cause of arrhythmia is ______, which is failure of the cardiac conduction system to transmit signals.
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heart block
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The vertebrate heartbeat is said to be _____ because the signal originates within the heart itself.
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myogenic
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The right & left coronary arteries arise from the____.
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aorta
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The epicardium (the serous layer of the pericardium) is also called the:
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visceral pericardium
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The artery that exits the aorta, travels under the left auricle, & then divides into 2 branches is the left _____ artery.
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Coronary
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The branch of the left coronary artery that continues around to the back of the heart in the coronary sulcus is the _________ artery.
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Circumflex
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The ability to rhythmically depolarize without outside stimulation is referred to as ________.
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autorhythmic
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Parasympathetic nerve fibers transmit _______ effects from the cardiac center to the heart.
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cardioinhibitory
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The ______ _______ branch of the left coronary artery travels down the front of the heart to the apex of the heart.
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anterior interventricular
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During ventricular contraction, the ejection of blood out of the heart occurs because the pressure within the _____ exceeds the pressure within the _______.
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ventricles & great arteries
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When 2 arteries or veins join, this is referred to as an _________.
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anastomosis
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A consistently elevated resting heart rate of above 100 bpm is called:
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tachycardia
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______ is the process of listening to sounds made by the body.
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ausculation
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The ___ wave of an ECG is a regarding of the depolarization of the atrial myocardium.
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P
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When ventricles contract, blood surging against the ________ valves forces them closed.
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atrioventricular
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A ______ is the instrument used to measure blood pressure.
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sphygmomanometer
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A persistent low resting heart rate below 60bpm is called:
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bradycardia
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The auricles:
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are flap-like extensions of the right and left atrium.
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Blood flow through the coronary circulation increases during ventricular:
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diastole
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A difference in pressure creates a pressure _____ that directs the flow of fluids.
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gradient
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A measure of the _________ can be obtained by taking a pulse at a point where an artery runs close to the body surface.
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heart rate
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The strength of contraction for a given preload is defined as the ______ of the myocardium.
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contractility
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The outermost layer of the heart wall is called the________.
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epicardium
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Closing of the aortic & pulmonary semilunar valves produces the _____ heart sound.
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second
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The QRS wave of an ECG represents the ________ of the ventricular myocardium.
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depolarization
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The contraction of a cardiocyte occurs during the _____ phase of its action potential.
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plateau
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When the AV node acts as pacemaker, the slower heartbeat is called a(n) _____ rhythm.
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nodal
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The difference between maximum cardiac output & resting cardiac output is referred to as the cardiac ______.
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reserve
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The majority of the venous drainage from the coronary veins is collected by the ________ _______ which then drains into the right atrium.
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Coronary sinus
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The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the back of the heart is the posterior _______ sulcus.
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Interventricular
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The _______ center of the medulla oblongata initiates autonomic output to the heart.
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Cardiac
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The _____ of the heart is the amount of tension in the ventricular myocardium immediately before it begins to contract.
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Preload
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Ear - like extensions of the heart chamber.
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Auricle
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The mitral valve is also known as the _______ valve.
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Left AV
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The ______ nerve conveys parasympathetic signals to the heart.
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Vagus
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Depolarization of a cardiocyte is due to opening of _______ channels.
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Sodium
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The surface indentation that separates the ATRIA from the ventricles is known as the ______ sulcus.
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Coronary
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The heart receives innervation from:
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Both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
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Cardiac muscle relies on ______ metabolism to produce ATP.
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Aerobic
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The closing of the atrioventricular valves produces which of the heart sounds?
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1st
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The role of the papillary muscles is to do which of the following?
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Tense the tendinous cords just prior to ventricular contraction
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The second heart sound is associated with the closing of the _____ valves.
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semilunar
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The pericardial sac is also called the:
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parietal pericardium
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The heartbeat originates in the heart muscle itself. The term that describes this characteristic is_____.
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Myogenic
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Fluids always flow from an area of _____ pressure to an area of _______ pressure.
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high; low
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The opening and closing of heart valves are governed by changes in _____ within heart chambers.
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pressure
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The blood vessel that collects venous drainage from the anterior side of the heart and travels alongside the anterior interventricular artery is the _____ vein.
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great cardiac
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The _____ is an earlike extension of each atrium.
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auricle
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When two arteries or veins join, this is referred to as a a)n)
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anastomosis
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Heart rate will increase when the SA node is stimulated by the ____ branch of the autonomic nervous system.
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sympathetic
