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Lobbying

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How do interest groups influence public policy?

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An attempt by a group to influence the policy process through persuasion of government officials

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Lobbying

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Any group that seeks to influence public policy

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Interests Groups

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Mediator

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Interest groups are supposed to serve what role in a democracy?

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The membership is widespread and opportunity for access to government is roughly equal

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The idea that interests groups enhance democracy rests on which assumption?

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How do we get people to become involved if they can safely leave it to others to collectively do so; When individuals realize that it is possible to collect benefits without having to pay the costs of participation. The problem faced by unions and other groups when people do not join because they can benefit from the group's activities without officially joining

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Collective Action Problem

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An individual who does not to join a group representing his or her interests yet receives the benefit of the group's influence.

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Free Riders

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the goals of an organization that, if attained, would benefit primarily nongroup members; Public interest groups claim to work for the good of the whole society, not just one part of it.

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General/Public Interests Groups (Common Cause)

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Single-issue groups work solely on one specific issue. These groups tend to be very strongly driven, composed of members who are passionately committed to the particular cause. (National Rifle Association NRA)

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Single-Issue Groups

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has more power/influence b/c they have a very narrow interest and goal to focus on. Set of groups seeking a particular benefit for themselves in the policy process.

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Special/Narrow Interests Groups (Potato Chips Industy)

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1. Grassroots 2. Astroturf 3. Grasstops- celebrities promote lobbying to the public.

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3 Types of Indirect Lobbying: (3) (GAG)

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getting voters mobilized to lobby; bringing voters to the government; indirect lobbying efforts that spring from widespread public concern

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Grassroots

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indirect lobbying efforts that manipulate or create public sentiment. "astroturf" being artificial grassroots; when groups create front organizations designed to give the appearence of a greater level of public concern than really exists

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Astroturf

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Grassroots Lobbying.

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When interest groups utilize their members and members of the public to advocate it is called?:

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-Political entrepreneurs- A politician or group that mobilizes people to GOTV (Get out the Vote) -Patrons- those who bankroll the interest group (support financing) -Selective Benefits- goods that a group can restrict to those who pay their annual dues; Benefits offered exclusively to members of an interest group. -Material- discounts -Purposive- satisfaction of contributing to the group or cause -Social- People join to network with like-minded -Informational

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How do we resolve Collective Action Problem? Through the use of:

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goods that a group can restrict to those who pay their annual dues; Benefits offered exclusively to members of an interest group.

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Selective Benefits

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Increases the probability of interest group membership (People want to be members so they can get selective benefits)

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A Selective Benefit does what?

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How organizations come to be dominated by a small self-perpetuating elite. Tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people

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Iron Law of Oligarchy

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Tightly mutually beneficial connections b/t congressional committees, executive agencies, and interests groups.

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Iron Triangles

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Shared Interests, Campaign contributions, and the norm of reciprocity (ALL OF THE ABOVE)

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Iron triangles are made powerful b/c of: (3)

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Fluid connections b/t interest groups, researchers, executive agencies, congressional committees, and the media. A policy making alliance among loosely connected participants that comes together on a particular issue, then disbands.

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Issue networks (STAR); They do what when finished?

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Congress- Get them to pass laws Ex. Branch- Gets the executive branch to execute to pass, execute, and pass favorable rules for the law. ENFORCE

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How lobbying congress differs from lobbying executive branch?

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-Corporate Welfare (Subsidies) -TARIFFS -Corporate Tax Breaks

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What does Lobbying Get Interest Groups?

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Federal lotteries

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Which of the following is not a type of corporate welfare?:

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Favoritism in government laws and rule making.

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The wright amendment is an example of:

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-Rarely do well. -Lack of financial support -Winner Takes All System makes it difficult for third party candidates to gain electoral votes -Lack of Media Coverage -Voter believe that 3rd party votes are "wasted" votes -Anyone with serious ambition goes to one of the big two.

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What are the difficulties facing 3rd parties in the US electoral system?

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Electoral contenders other than the two major parties.

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Third Parties-

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Votes do not like to "waste" their vote.

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Why do 3rd parties not do well in the US?

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-Similar to abstention -Duty! -Third party voting is EXPRESSIVE.

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People still vote for third parties. Why?

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The principle that in a democracy with single-member districts and plurality voting, like the United States, only two parties' candidates will have a realistic chance of winning political office

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Duverger's Law

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1. Plurality System ("First past the post")- An electoral system in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if he or she does not receive a majority; used in almost all American elections. -*US has Plurality System*; Single member district system 2.Run-off majority voting - under a majority voting system, a second election hold only if no candidate wins a majority of the votes in the first general election. Only the top two vote-getter can compete in the runoff 3. Proportional Representation- an electoral system used throughout most of Europe that awards legislative seats to political parties in proportion to the number of votes won in an election. -W/in districts Across the whole country

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3 Election Systems for choosing winners in an election?

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- Only 1 person elected per district

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Single Member Districts

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Top 4 Vote getters or top 4 parties with the most votes; More than one representative per district

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Multiple-Member Districts (W/ Proportional Representation)

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electoral system in which legislative seats are awarded only to the candidates who come in first in their constituencies. In American presidential elections, the system in which the winner of the popular votes in a state receives all the electoral votes of that state.

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Winner take all system

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when voters engage in issue voting, competition between two candidates has the effect of pushing the candidates' issue positions toward the middle of the distribution of voters' preferences; a mathematical result showing that if voters are choosing a point along a line and each voter wants the point closest to his most preferred point, then majority rule will pick the most preferred point of a median voter

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Median voter theorem-

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Under majority rule, the median voter (holding the middle position on an issue) will determine the outcomes of elections

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Who is the Median Voter and what do they do?

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Median Voters.

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-In real-world politics, candidate aim their appeal at the _____________ ______________.

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Presidential Elections.

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When is voter turnout the highest?

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Register with parties.

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How do people acquire their party identification?

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a candidate's/Party's stand on important topics

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Party Platforms

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an organized effort to persuade voters to choose one candidate over others competing for the same office

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Election Campaign

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were the heydays; some are still around); type of political party organization that relies heavily on material inducements, such as patronage, to win votes and to govern; type of political organization that relies heavily on the support of its patrons, which it generally tries to reward by some kind of material mean

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Political Party Machines

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appointed boards, non-partisan offices, civil service reform, and primary election system; This movement sought to improve life in the industrial age by making moderate political changes and social improvements through governmental action. They wanted to limit the power of corporations, improve the democracy so it benefited the people, and strengthen justice.

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What were the progressive era reforms and what did they come in response to?

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ECONOMY

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What determines presidential election outcomes?

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Opened the floodgates for SUPER-PACs; Unlimited campaign donation from corporations.

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Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

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The current holders of elected office.

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Incumbent

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Incumbents

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_________ usually win elections.

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-Presidential approval -The Economy - High voter turnout of voter opposition

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What are the three exceptions to the incumbent winning:

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-Battleground states→ Florida and Ohio -Debates -Not Screwing up→ Especially if it fits into already existing "frame"

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3 Key Elements of the Presidential Election:

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-The public/Individuals give the most amount of money to the presidential elections -Presidential candidate USE THE MONEY!

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What is public financing of presidential campaigns; how does it work and do presidential candidates use it anymore?

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aka swing states. A state in which no candidate has overwhelming support, meaning that any of the major candidates have a reasonable chance of winning the state's electoral college votes B.S.: Ohio, Florida, Nevada

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What are the battleground states/swing states and why?

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a standard speech that candidates give during a political campaign

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Stump Speech

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in which voters must register their party affiliation to vote on that party's potential nominees

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Closed Primary

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in which any voter, regardless of party registration or affiliation, could choose either party's ballot

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Open Primary

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OPEN PRIMARY SYSTEM

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TX is a(n) _________ primary system.

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The day that several states hold their presidential primaries (usually the second Tuesday in March)

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Super Tuesday

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a combination of 527s and 501(c)(4)s

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Super PACs

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-Independent expenditure-only committees -May raise unlimited sums of $ from corporations, unions, association and individuals -Spend unlimited sums to overtly advocate for or against political candidate -Must report their donors to FEC -Are prohibited from donating money directly to political candidates.

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Factors of Super PACs

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The political arm of an interest group that is legally entitled to raise funds on a voluntary basis from members, stockholders, or employees to contribute funds to candidates or political parties.

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Political action committee (PAC)

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A tactic in which PACs collect contributions from like-minded individuals (each limited to $2000) and present them to a candidate or political party as a "bundle," thus increasing the PAC's influence.

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Bundling-

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Election in which voters decide which of the candidates within a party will represent the party in the general election.

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Primary Elections (2nd Tuesday in March)-

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A second primary election between the two candidates receiving the greatest number of votes in the first primary. -If there is a runoff primary, those who did not vote in the other party's primary in March, can vote now.

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Runoff Primary (2nd Tuesday in April)-

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LOW

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Voter turnout in Texas:

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1. No statewide party competition 2. Little mobilization by either party relative to efforts in other states 3. Low socioeconomic status (income/education) 4. Younger population- Those newly eligible to vote register at lower rates in part because they've had less opportunity; Less political ties/attachments

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4 Factor of Low Voter Turnout in TX:

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EXPENSIVE

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Cost of election campaigns in Texas:

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1. Extensive travel (often by airplane) 2. Large number of media markets 3 . Require experienced campaign professionals to run them→ Costs $$$ 4. Polling the large electorate is expensive

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Why are TX Campaigns So Expensive? :

PSCI 1050 Test Exam #2

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