Chapter 15: Sexual Coercion
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Define: Rape
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Nonconsensual oral, anal or vaginal penetration Obtained by: -force -threat of bodily harm -when the victim is incapable of giving consent (drunk, high, unconscious) This is an act of violence, sexual is secondary
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How many rapes were reported in 2010?
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85,000 were reported
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What percentage of rapes by strangers are reported?
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21% (1988)
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What percentage of rapes by acquaintances are reported?
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2% (1988)
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What is the percentage lifetime risk of being raped for a woman?
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between 14% and 25%
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What percentage of rape occurs for women before the age of 18?
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more than half of women
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What percentage of rapes occur before the age of 12?
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22% before the age of 12
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What is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder associated with the impact of rape?
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Long-term psychological distress suffered by someone who has experienced a terrifying event
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What are some symptoms associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?
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-Anxiety -depression -nightmares -lack of feeling safe -self blame -really sensitive (don't feel safe anywhere)
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What are the psychological reactions to sexual assault?
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-negative psychological reactions immediately after -many show recovery within a year
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What are some factors associated with worse psychological reactions after sexual assault?
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Re-Victimization -experienced sexual violence previously Severity of the Violence -more severe violence associated with worse outcomes Reactions of others upon disclosure of the assault -negative reactions produce worse psychological outcomes
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What are some physical damages caused by rape?
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-Cuts -Bruises -Vaginal pain and bleeding -irritation or damage to throat -rectal bleeding and pain -sexually transmitted infections -pregnancy
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How can rape effect people besides the victim?
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-Most women experience fear of rape, restricting their activities -Spouses or partners of victims may also be profoundly affected
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What is Post-Traumatic growth?
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Positive life changes and psychological development following exposure to trauma
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Explain Date Rape
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One of the most common forms of rape, especially on college campuses
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What percentage of rapes involved a date, often a steady dating partner?
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57% reported in a national study of college women
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What percentage of high school seniors were victims of date rape?
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6% (2002)
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What are the two factors for why aggressive men misperceive women's communication?
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1) Men misperceive women's warmth and friendliness as sexual interest
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What is \"suspicious schema?\"
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Sexually aggressive men believe that women do not communicate honestly, especially when the communication clearly and assertively rejects the sexual advance
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What is Rohypnol?
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(Flunitzrozepam) So-called \"date rape drug\" that causes drowsiness or sleep and causes the woman not to remember the event the next day
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Explain Marital Rape
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It is the rape by a current spouse -includes married couples and cohabiting couples
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A national probability sample showed what percent of married women that have been raped by a current husband?
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13% (2002)
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What percent of female rape victims were raped by an intimate partner?
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51% of female rape victims
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Is a man who batters his wife like to rape her as well? Why or why not?
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Yes, a man who batters his wife is also likely to rape her Motives: -anger -power and domination -sadism -desire for sex whether the other partner is willing
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What are some possible causes for Rape?
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Theoretical Views of the Nature of Rape -Victim-precipitated rape: rape is a result of the woman \"asking for it\" -Psychopathology of rapist: rape is committed by the psychologically disturbed man -Feminist: a product of gender role socialization, explores the complex links between sex and power -Social Disorganization: rape rates increase when the social organization of a community is disrupted
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What factors of research indicate possible causes for Rape?
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-cultural views -sexual scripts -early family influences -peer-group influences -characteristics of the situation -miscommunication -sex and power motives -masculinity norms and men's attitudes
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What sort of social cognitions (characteristics) do rapists use to support rape?
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-women are sexual objects -believe that women are dangerous and deceptive -a sense of entitlement for male to have superiority and control -the world in general is dangerous -certain behaviors are uncontrollable in the face of strong urges -more likely to have brain injuries as a child
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What factors influence characteristics for how a rapist thinks or feels?
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Poor inhibition and self-regulation (unable to control aggressive impulses) Lack Empathy( fail to understand suffering of a rape victim) May have experienced environmental triggers (ex: being in war) -More likely themselves to have been victims of child sexual abuse (2009)
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a study in 2011 reported what percentage of men that have been raped?
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1.4% of men that have been raped
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Are perpetrators more commonly male or female?
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male
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What percentage of women, and what percentage of men reported being objects of sexual persistence after they had refused? And what is the characterized by?
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78% of women 58% of men -persistent kissing -perpetrator removing his or her clothing -telling lies -using physical restraints
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Why is rape common in prison?
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Most commonly used to establish a dominance hierarchy
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What percentage of women and what percentage of males have been victims of sexual coercion?
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7% of females 22% of males
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What was the punishment for African American men convicted of rape or attempted rape of a white woman following the Civil War?
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Typically castration or lynched
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What were the penalties for white males who raped African American women following the Civil War?
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There were no penalties for a white male raping an African American woman
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How are African American men and women stereotypically portrayed in regards to sex?
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They are stereotyped to be highly sexual
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Why are Latinas less likely to be victims or rape?
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Latino cultures place strong emphasis on protecting women (family sticks together)
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In Asian cultures, what serves as a deterrent from rape?
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The potential loss of face by raping
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What are some ways to avoid Date Rape situations?
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-set sexual limits -decide early if you would like to have intercourse -do not give mixed messages -be forceful and firm -do not do anything you do not want to do just to avoid a scene or unpleasantness -be aware that drugs and alcohol are often related to date rape -trust your cut-level feelings
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In 2005, what percent of women and what percent of men reported that they have had sexual contact, as a child, with an adolescent or an adult?
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20% of women 5%-10% of men
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94% of what gender were the perpetrators in a situation?
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Men (1984)
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What percent of girls and what percent of boys engage in sexual solicitation on the internet?
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18% of girls 8% of boys youth between the age of 10 and 17 received sexual solicitation on the internet
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Adults who were sexually abused as children display what kind of characteristics?
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-depression -anxiety -eating disorders -substance abuse -negative feelings about sex -difficulty forming stable, safe, romantic relationships
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who is the most likely perpetrator for child sexual abuse?
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A family friend
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When is risk greatest for a victim of child sexual abuse?
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-attempted or completed intercourse occurred -abuse was by a relative -victim told someone and received a negative response
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Adult survivors of child sexual abuse are more likely to experience what?
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-fear of sex -lack of sexual desire -lack of sexual desire
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What are some common trends of women survivors of child sexual abuse?
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-more likely to be preoccupied with sex -younger at time of first voluntary intercourse -more likely to be teen mothers
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Adult victims of child sexual abuse are how many times more likely to have health problems
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Adult victims of child sexual abuse are 1.5 times more likely to have health problems (2005)
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What is Pedophilia?
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(child molesting) a type of paraphilia involving an adult having sexual activity with a prepubescent child these include: -incest or pseudoincest (stepchild) offenders -molesters of familiar children -molesters of unfamiliar children -tend to be repeat offenders -patterns of preference tend to be stable over time
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What are the common treatments for Child Sexual Abuse Offenders?
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-surgical castration -antiandrogen drugs -hormones -SSRIs (class of antidepressants like Prozac and Zoloft) -cognitive-behavioral therapy
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Define: Sexual Harassment
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Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual behaviors and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature
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The U.S. EEOC says that harassment takes place when?
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-submission is made a term or condition of an individual's employment or academic advancement -submission or rejection is used as the basis for academic or employment decisions -the conduct unreasonably interferes with an individual's work or academic performance -the conduct creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working or educational environment
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What percentage of women report that they have been sexually harassed at work by supervisors and/or co-workers?
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25% to 50% of women
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Men and women report what type of negative affects in regards to sexual harassment?
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-emotional and physical condition -ability to work with others on the job -feelings about work
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Women are more likely to report damaging consequences from sexual harassment in the work place and in result....
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-being fired -quitting their job
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What are the types of Sexual Harassment?
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Earnest- desires sexual intimacy but won't take no for an answer Hostile- motivated to dominate women he sees as competitive with him Peternalistic-ambivalent- desires to be like a father, perceives himself as acting benevolently Competitive ambivalent- mixes real sexual attraction with hostile desire to dominate
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Sexual Harassment is common in college, what percentage of women reported being sexually harassed by a professor?
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50% of females
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Sexual harassment is common in high school, what percentage of girls and boys reported peer sexual harassment in 9th grade?
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girls- 65% boys- 78%
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What is Doctor-Patient sex?
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Coercive and potentially damaging sexual encounters between psychotherapists and client or physicians and clients
