HST 325 Midterm ID’s

- Wills was an American tennis player during the 1920s - Wills's popularity impacted US history by helping women gain value and independence. (celebrated as \"American Girl\" - Went to Berkley College - had a serious demenor on the court (made no aggressive faces) - not seen as a flapper - talked about getting an education -popularity had to deal with attractiveness- short hair

- 1st African American woman to win 3 gold medals during the cold war - grew up in Tennessee during Jim Crowe laws - diagnosed with polio at the age of 5 (travel long way to see doctor who treated black patients) - at age of 12, she was able to walk normally - star basketball play in high school -Coach at Tennessee State gives her scholarship to run track - Track was seen as a sport that gave scholarships out no matter what race - Coach would have her dress up as a lady in dresses and interviews about dating - Her victories in the olympics were huge because Russians and East Germany were dominating track and field - America liked her because she was pretty and good athlete. - Didn't say a lot about civil rights acts (celebrates silence because she had the opportunity to change American perception towards civil rights

- signed in by Richard Nixon 1972 - limits gender discrimination of any educational or athletic event receciving federal funding - equal proportion- scholarships - creates sports - create sports that women will play - Takes time to catch ip girl participation - playing 30-40 years of catch up - once signed into law there are multiple efforts to limit Title IX (John Towers trying to exempt revenue from college football and basketball from Title IX compliance and the NCAA filing a claim that athletic programs dont receive federal funding)- all efforts fail - 1981-1982 firls time NCAA crowns Division 1 National Champions in the women sports of cross country, basketball, volleyball, and tennis

- AAGSL was formed in 1943 - promoted athletic beauty and tried to weed out mannish women - girls took etiquette classes, and could be fined or cut for being lesbian, or having to short of hair - Problem: by promoting/selling \"nice girls\" who \"play like men\" you reinforce notion that there is a disconnect between masculine athleticism and womanhood - Softball is one of the most popular sports during the 30's and 40's - attracted a lot of working class women and rural women who were not worried about the perception of the muscular and athletic female body - softball takes over during WWII - softball tagged with lesbianism

- focused on co-ed sports and date nights (lack of competitive sports for women) - men didn't want women to be competitive - play dates from 1920's-1930's - Non-competition days where girls simply played - emphasized PE for fitness to attract males - focused on beauty and charm

- where it is known that someone is gay but they continue to hide the fact that they are gay -because female athletes challenge the traditional notions of feminity due to their abilities are seen as traditionall and stereotypically \"masculine\" and have to contend with homophobia - we see this in womens sports with the likes of Britney Griner and Sheryl Swoopes. - Women sports like golf, basketball and softball all are tagged as lesbian sports - women market themselves as heterosexual and family oriented, leading lesbian athletes to stay in glass closet

- we see that we put women as sex objects and not particularly in their uniform but something that resembles sexy (Anna Kornakova, Alex Morgan)-makes men more comfortable - want to take away the idea that women are masculine when it comes to sport - want to get ride of lesbianism from women sports (see pictures with family, kids, husbands) - film says the pictures of women athletes is similar to soft porn - Anna Kornakova was a sex object and was made popular of good looks, even though she never won a tennis tournament - women are seen as sexy and lady like - women in coverage in sports is lacking - the percentage of women sports coverage raised a small percentage over time -

- Basketball started as girls favorite sport - promoted health, teamwork, & freedom - The rules were different limiting 6 per court on 3 courts and allowed 1 dribble with no contact - Rules were a reflection of how society thought girls shouldnt extend themselves and they should not compete - Astoria girls team was disbanded because coach wanted them to play by the girls rules but the girls wanted to play under the boys rules - During the 1950's due to the rise of TV and NCAA revenue from mens basketball, schools stopped paying attention to women's teams - Once Title IX passed the University of Charlotte welcomed high school teams to attend games to recruit their players, but schools around that area had no high school teams during that time - 1970's girls sued states claiming half courts game was violating the 14th amendment and equal protection clause (girls would lose out on scholarships)

- Fed Gov't gets involved with PE - President Eisenhower said during the Cold War that the U.S. was weak - Between 1948-1960 1 million of 6 million potential soldiers were unfit - Eisenhower's program was to spread the word about fitness - After the 1960' olympics when America didn't win the majority of tgold medals and Cold war intensified, President Kennedy's administration developed a test for school kids and gave out instruction books about exercise

- Black gymnasium owner in Boston from 1847-1861 later moved to San Fran - Leading advocate for youth fitness and owned the only gym that allowed children - Before PE at schools, he hosted schools at his gym - Saved the white youth with getting them involved with fitness - gave children confidence and kept them out of trouble

- Came up with the Theory of Play 1. Humans acquired impulse to play through the development of race 2. From birth to adulthood each person rehearsed the stages of development 3. Track & field came from hunting in the pre evolution stage and group games came from when hunting groups fought and hunted together 4. Came up with sports and organizational play was important for early development of humans by reconnecting with their pass and especially with immigrants - Founded the Public school athletic league for high schools in 1903 in the New York Public School athletic - have high schools compete against each other, keep potential trouble makers off the street, and help Americanize white immigrants

- Public School Athletic League - Founded by Luther Gulick in 1903 - Started as the New York Public School Athletics - League gave high school students to compete - a way to get potential trouble makers (white ethnics) off the street - help americanized white immigrants - Teach students middle class values

- 1980's as way to get kids off the street and something to do - Unlike PSAL this combined private and federal funding - at night from 10-2 - League had 3 requirements 1. had to be at night 2. Had to have police 3. Had to be for ages 17-21 - early 90's had political support - 1994 Republicans say program was wasteful federal spending including a $30 billion crime bills and made up about $50 million of the budget - Democrats wanted to prevent against crime but Republicans were more about arrests and cut $3 billion out towards crime prevention - Midnight Basketball quickly lost important funding

- Yale coach 1876-1882 father of college football - first coach of college football (important because this gave teams someone who ran the team) - Was a part of the Rules committee 1. line of scrimmage 2. 3 downs for 5 yards 3. Tackling below waste (more violence) - wrote 30 books and hundreds of articles and included inventing All American List - Argues that Football is about teamwork and training for business

- in 1948 defined amateurism, academic standards, financial aid controls, recruiting restrictions - first time schools are allowed to give athletic scholarships - people could be at school just for athletic reasons - 1956 players were guaranteed 4 years on scholarship -1969 a player who quit lost his scholarship - 1973 athletic scholarship became 1 year renewable scholarships (coaches had all the power now)

- \"undefeated\" -Manassas High School - part of North Memphis that saw economic prosperity until the close of the Firestone plant - players not set up to succeed and go to college - the players are lacking fathers - no one has had a parent attend college - every player has someone who has been to jail - Coach Bill Courtney is a volunteer coach who wants to be there and like a father figure to his players due to him not having a father growing uo - He helps his players get through life (grades and behavior off the field) - focus on 3 players who have the opportunity to go play college football on scholarship & get out of North Memphis - OC had bad grades and his chance to get out was at risk (had division 1 offers but grades were to low to get in (16 on ACT)) -Coach Courtney had his assistant Coach Ray have OC stay with his family so he can get tutored - Chavis Daniels recently released from juvenile detention and attempted to return to team but had serious anger issues -Montrail \"Money\" Brown- undersized gaurd who wanted to play college football (injury in middle of the year hurts his chance)

- Knute Rockne Head Coach for Notre Dame - led Notre Dame against the KKK - 1920 high point of KKK who were anti-american & catholic) - Highest number of Klan menbers were in Indiana

-Communities for Equity sued MHSAA after there were 6 girls' sports and no boys' sports in nontraditional seasons. -People wanted the girls to get the opportunities they deserved. - Issues were that there were limited opportunities for girls to be seen by college recruiters, as well as losing out on skill building opportunities and being unable to receive athletic scholarships. - This led to thw switching of sports depending on seasons and opportunity for college recruiting

- passed in 1983 and effective in 1986 - NCAA wasn't graduating students (athlete student not student athlete) - You had to have at least a 2.0 in 11 core classes or a 17 on your ACT or a 700 on your SAT - showed blacks tested 100 points less then whites on SAT -1981 48% of blacks failed to meet this compared to 14% of whites and 27% of other minorities - Chris Washburn had a 440 SAT -Prop 42 denied financial aid to non qualifiers - Prop 16 created a sliding scale of test scores and GPA - A 2.0 meant a 1010 on SAT

- schools are getting away from dodgeball - seen as a sport that influences violence and bullying - people argue that you are getting rid of competition and wussification of Americans - Other activities are becoming less competitive and violent - schools are playing no touch tag and students are allowed to touch others - not teaching people how to react from losing and how to get better from a loss - some people say kids don't need to lose and everything doesnt have to be competitive

- article that talked about how athletes would do anything to become better - influence by coaches - Kimiko Hiarai was bulimic because he swim coach at Indiana told her swimmers not to get fat - example of wrestlers who would starve themselves dangerously to lose weight (garbage bags under sweatshirts in a santa) - athletes are willing to do anything to participate at a high level, even if there are putting their life at risk like Kimiko or the 3 wrestlers who died in 1997 trying to make weight

- damage reproductive organs - fear of lesbianism

the failure of reasonably intelligent individuals to think a reason in a rational fashion