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Kinship

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The system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities

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Nuclear Family

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The kinship unit of mother, father, and children

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Descent Group

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A kinship group in which primary relationships are traced through consanguine (\"blood\") relatives

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Lineage

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A type of descent group that traces genealogical connection through generations by linking persons to a founding ancestor.

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Clan

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A type of descent group based on a claim to a founding ancestor, but lacking genealogical documentation

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Affinal Relationship

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A kinship relationship established through marriage and/or alliance, not though biology or common descent.

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Marriage

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A socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy as well as legal rights to property and inheritance

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Arranged Marriage

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Marriage orchestrated by the families of the involved partners

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Companionate Marriage

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Marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation

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Polygyny

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Marriage between one man and two or more women

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Polyandry

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Marriage between one woman and two or more men

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Monogamy

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A relationship between only two partners

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Incest Taboo

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Cultural rules that forbid sexual relations with certain close relatives

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Exogamy

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Marriage to someone outside the kinship group

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Endogamy

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Marriage to someone within the kinship group

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Bridewealth

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The gift of goods or money from the groom's family to the bride's family as part of the marriage process

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Dowry

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The gift of goods or money from the bride's family to the groom's family as part of the marriage process

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Family of Orientation

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The family group in which one is born, grows up, and develops life skills

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Family of Procreation

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The family group created when one reproduces and within which one rears children

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Class

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A system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society's resources.

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Egalitarian Society

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A group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence

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Reciprocity

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The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties

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Ranked Society

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A group in which wealth is not stratified but prestige and status are

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Redistribution

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A form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern

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Potlatch

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Elaborate redistribution ceremony practiced among the Kwakiutl of the Pacific Northwest

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Bourgeoisie

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Marxist term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production

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Means of Production

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The factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things.

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Proletariat

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Marxist term for the class of laborers who own only their labor

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Prestige

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The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups

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Life Chances

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An individual's opportunities to improve quality of life and achieve goals

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Social Mobility

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The movement of one's class position, upward or downward, in stratified societies

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Social Reproduction

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The phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next

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Habitus

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Bourdieu's term to describe the self-perceptions and beliefs that develop as part of one's social identity and shape one's conceptions of the world and where one fits in

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Cultural Capital

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The knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society

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Intersectionality

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An analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification

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Income

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What people earn from work, plus dividends and interest on investments, along with rents and royalties

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Wealth

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The total value of what someone owns, minus any debts

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Caste

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A closed system of stratification in a society

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Achieved Status

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Social position established and changeable during a person's lifetime

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Ascribed Status

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Social poition inherited, assigned at birth, and passed down from generation to generation with enforced boundaries

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Dalits

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Members of India's \"lowest caste; literally, \"broken people.\" Also called \"Untouchables\"

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Economy

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A cultural adaptation to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available resources to satisfy their needs and to thrive

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Food Foragers

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Humans who subsist by hunting, fishing, and gathering plants to eat.

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Pastoralism

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A strategy for food production involving the domestication of animals.

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Horticulture

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The cultivation of plants for subsistence through non-intensive use of land and labor

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Slash and Burn Agriculture

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A practice of clearing land for cultivation. Also called swidden farming

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Agriculture

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An intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land

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Industrial Agriculture

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Intensive farming practices involving mechanization and mass production

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Carrying Capacity

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The number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region

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Barter

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The exchange of goods and services one for the other

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Reciprocity

answer

The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties

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Redistribution

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A form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern.

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Leveling Mechanism

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Practices and organizations that reallocate resources among a group to maximize collective good

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Colonialism

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The practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions.

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Triangle Trade

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The extensive exchange of slaves, sugar, cotton, and furs between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that transformed economic, political, and social life on both sides of the Atlantic

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Industrial Revolution

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The eighteenth and nineteenth century shift from agriculture and artisanal skill craft to machine-based manufacturing

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Modernization Theories

answer

Post-World War II economic theories that predicted that with the end of colonialism, less-developed countries would follow the same trajectory toward modernization as the industrialized countries

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Development

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Post-World War II strategy of wealthy nations to spur global economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through strategic investment in national economies of former colonies

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Dependency Theory

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A critique of modernization theory that argued that, despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations of the modern world economic system had not changed

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Neocolonialism

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A continued pattern of unequal economic relations despite the formal end of colonial political and military control

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Underdevelopment

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The term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system

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Core Countries

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Industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system

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Periphery Countries

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The lest developed and least powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets

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Semiperiphery Countries

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Nations ranking in between core and periphery countries, with some attributes of the core countries but with less of a central role in the global economy.

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Fordism

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The dominant model of industrial production for much of the twentieth century, based on a social compact between labor, capital, and government

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Flexible Accumulation

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The increasingly flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization, enabled by innovative communication and transportation technologies.

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Global City

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A former industrial center that has reinvented itself as a command center for global production Neoliberalism - An economic a

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Neoliberalism

answer

An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government.

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Commodity Chain

answer

The hands an item passes through between producer and consumer

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Pushes and pulls

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The forces that spur migration from the country of origin and draw immigrants to a particular new destination country

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Bridges and barriers

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The factors that enable or inhibit migration

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Chain migration

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The movement of people facilitated by the support of networks of family and friends who have already immigrated

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Hometown association

answer

An organization created for mutual support by immigrants from the same home town or region

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Remittance

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Resources transferred from migrants working abroad to individuals, families, and institutions in their country of origin

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Cumulative causation

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An accumulation of factors that create a culture in which migration comes to be expected

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Labor immigrant

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A person who moves ins search of a low-skill and low-wage job, often filling an economic niche that native-born workers will not fill

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Guest worker program

answer

A policy that allows labor immigrants to enter a country temporarily to work

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Professional immigrant

answer

A highly trained individual who moves to fill an economic niche in a middle-class profession often marked by shortages in the receiving company

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Brain drain

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Migration of highly skilled professionals from developing/periphery countries to developed/core countries

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Social capital

answer

Assets and skill such as language, education, and social networks that can be mobilized in lieu of or as complementary to financial capital

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Entrepreneurial immigrant

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A person who moves to a new location to conduct trade and establish a business

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Refugee

answer

A person who has been forced to move beyond his or her national borders because of persecution, armed conflict, or natural disaster

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Internally displaced person

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A person who has been forced to move within his or her country of origin because of persecution, armed conflict, or natural disasters

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First-generation immigrant

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A person who left his or her home as an adult

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Second-generation immigrant

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The child of immigrants who is born and raised in the new host country

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1.5-generation immigrant

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The child of immigrants who is born in the family's home country but at a young age moves with his or her parents to a new host country

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Internal migration

answer

The movement of people within their own national borders

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Transnationalism

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The practice of maintaining active participation in social, economic, religious, and political spheres across national borders

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Band

answer

A small kinship-based group of foragers who hunt and gather for a living over a particular territory

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Tribe

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Originally viewed as a culturally distinct, multiband population that imagined itself as one people descended from a common ancestor; currently used to describe an indigenous group with its own set of loyalties and leaders living to some extent outside the control of a centralized authoritative state

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Chiefdom

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An autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief

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State

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An autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory

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Hegemony

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The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force

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Civil society organization

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A local nongovernmental organization that challenges stat policies and uneven development, and advocates for resources and opportunities for members of its local communities

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Militarization

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The contested social process through which a civil society organizes for the production of military violence

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Agency

answer

The potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, symbols, mental maps of reality, institutions, and structures of power

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Social Movement

answer

Collective group actions in response to uneven development, inequality, and injustice that seek to build institutional networks to transform cultural patterns and government agencies

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Framing Process

answer

The creation of shared meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action by social movements

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Religion

answer

A set of beliefs based on a unique vision of how the world ought to be, often revealed through insights into a supernatural power and lived out in community

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Martyr

answer

A person who sacrifices his or her life for the sake of religion

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Saint

answer

An individual who is considered exceptionally

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Sacred

answer

Anything that is considered holy

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Profane

answer

anything that is considered not holy

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Ritual

answer

An act or series of acts regularly repeated over years or generations that embodies the beliefs of a group of people and creates a sense of continuity and belonging

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Rite of Passage

answer

A category of ritual that enacts a change of status from one life stage to another, either for an individual or a group

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Liminality

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One stage in a rite of passage during which a ritual participant experiences a period of outsiderhood, set apart from normal society, that is key to achieving a new perspective on the past, future, and current community

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Communitas

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A sense of camaraderie, a common vision of what constitutes a good life, and commitment to take social action to move toward achieving this vision that is shaped by the common experience of rites of passage

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Pilgrimage

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A religious journey to a sacred place as a sign of devotion and in search of transformation and enlightenment

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Cultural materialism

answer

A theory that argues that material conditions, including technology, determine patterns of social organization including religious principles

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Shaman

answer

A part-time religious practitioner with special abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings

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Magic

answer

The use of spells, incantations, words, and actions in an attempt to compel supernatural forces to act in certain ways, whether for good or for evil

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Imitative magic

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A ritual performance that achieves efficacy by imitating the desired magical result

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Contagious magic

answer

Ritual words or performances that achieve efficacy as certain materials that come into contact with one person carry a magical connection that allows power to be transferred from person to person

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Symbol

answer

Anything that signifies anything else

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Authorizing process

answer

The complex historical and social developments through which symbols are given power and meaning

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Art

answer

All ideas, forms, techniques, and strategies that humans employ to express themselves creatively and to communicate their creativity and inspiration to others

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Fine art

answer

Creative expression and communication often associated with cultural elites

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Popular art

answer

Creative expression and communication often associated with the general population

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Aesthetic experience

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Perception through one's senses

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Universal gaze

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An intrinsic way of perceiving art - thought by many in the Western art world to be found across cultures - that informs what people consider to be art or not art.

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Authenticity

answer

The perception of an object's antiquity, uniqueness, and originality within a local culture

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Ethnomusicology

answer

The study of music in cultural context

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Kinetic orality

answer

A musical genre combining body movement and voice

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Global mediascape

answer

Global cultural flows of media and visual images that enable linkages and communication across boundaries in ways unimaginable a century ago

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Visual anthropology

answer

A field of anthropology that explores the production, circulation, and consumption of visual images, focusing on the power of visual representation to influence culture and cultural identity

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Photographic gaze

answer

The presumed natural viewpoint of the camera that in fact projects the perspective of the person behind the camera onto human nature, the natural world, and history

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Social media

answer

New forms of communication based on computer- and internet-based technologies that facilitate social engagement, work, and pleasure

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Avatar

answer

An object, real or virtual, that graphically represents a participant in a game or other activity.

Anth 103 James Hill Final Vocab Gettysburg College

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