question

Developmental Psychology (381)

answer

The branch of psychology that studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life

question

Nature-Nurture Issue (381)

answer

The issue of the degree to which environment and heredity influence behavior

question

Identical Twins (383)

answer

Twins who are genetically identical

question

Cross-Sectional Research (383)

answer

A research method that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

question

Longitudinal Research (384)

answer

A research method that investigates behavior as participants age

question

Sequential Research (384)

answer

A research method that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal research by considering a number of different age groups and examining them at several points in time

question

Chromosomes (386)

answer

Rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information

question

Genes (386)

answer

The parts of the chromosomes through which genetic information is transmitted

question

Zygote (388)

answer

The new cell formed by the union of an egg and sperm

question

Embryo (388)

answer

A developed zygote that has a heart, a brain, and other organs

question

Fetus (388)

answer

A developing individual from eight weeks after conception until birth

question

Age of Viability (388)

answer

The point at which a fetus can survive if born prematurely

question

Teratogens (390)

answer

Environmental agents such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produce a birth defect

question

Neonate (393)

answer

A newborn child

question

Reflexes (393)

answer

Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli

question

Habituation (395)

answer

The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus

question

Attachment (398)

answer

The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual

question

Authoritarian Parents (401)

answer

Parents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their children

question

Permissive Parents (401)

answer

Parents who give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction and, although they are warm, require little of them

question

Authoritative Parents (402)

answer

Parents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them

question

Uninvolved Parents (402)

answer

Parents who show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached

question

Temperament (402)

answer

The innate disposition that emerges early in life

question

Psychosocial Development (403)

answer

Development of individuals' interactions and understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society

question

Trust-Versus-Mistrust Stage (404)

answer

According to Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial development, occurring from birth to age 1½ years, during which time infants develop feelings of trust or lack of trust

question

Autonomy-Versus-Shame-and-Doubt Stage (404)

answer

The period during which, according to Erikson, toddlers (ages 1½ to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if exploration and freedom are encouraged or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected

question

Initiative-Versus-Guilt Stage (404)

answer

According to Erikson, the period during which children ages 3 to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action

question

Industry-Versus-Inferiority Stage (404)

answer

According to Erikson, the last stage of childhood, during which children age 6 to 12 years may develop positive social interactions with others or may feel inadequate and become less sociable

question

Cognitive Development (404)

answer

The process by which a child's understanding of the world changes as a function of age and experience

question

Sensorimotor Stage (405)

answer

According to Piaget, the stage from birth to 2 years, during which a child has little competence in representing the environment by using images, language, or other symbols

question

Object Permanence (405)

answer

The awareness that objects—and people—continue to exist even if they are out of sight

question

Preoperational Stage (405)

answer

According to Piaget, the period from 2 to 7 years of age that is characterized by language development

question

Egocentric Thought (405)

answer

A way of thinking in which a child views the world entirely from his or her own perspective

question

Principle of Conservation (406)

answer

The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects

question

Concrete Operational Stage (406)

answer

According to Piaget, the period from 7 to 12 years of age that is characterized by logical thought and a loss of egocentrism

question

Formal Operational Stage (406)

answer

According to Piaget, the period from age 12 to adulthood that is characterized by abstract thought

question

Information Processing (408)

answer

The way in which people take in, use, and store information

question

Metacognition (408)

answer

An awareness and understanding of one's own cognitive processes

question

Zone of Proximal Development (409)

answer

According to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task on his or her own

question

Adolescence (412)

answer

The developmental stage between childhood and adulthood

question

Puberty (413)

answer

The period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs, beginning at about age 11 or 12 for girls and 13 or 14 for boys

question

Identity-Versus-Role-Confusion Stage (416)

answer

According to Erikson, a time in adolescence of major testing to determine one's unique qualities

question

Identity (416)

answer

The distinguishing character of the individual: who each of us is, what our roles are, and what we are capable of

question

Intimacy-Versus-Isolation Stage (417)

answer

According to Erikson, a period during early adulthood that focuses on developing close relationships

question

Generativity-Versus-Stagnation Stage (417)

answer

According to Erikson, a period in middle adulthood during which we take stock of our contributions to family and society

question

Ego-Integrity-Versus-Despair Stage (417)

answer

According to Erikson, a period from late adulthood until death during which we review life's accomplishments and failures

question

Emerging Adulthood (422)

answer

The period beginning in the late teenage years and extending into the mid-20

question

Menopause (423)

answer

The period during which women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile

question

Genetic Preprogramming Theories of Aging (427)

answer

Theories that suggest that human cells have a built-in time limit to their reproduction and that they are no longer able to divide after a certain time

question

Wear-and-Tear Theories of Aging (427)

answer

Theories that suggest that the mechanical functions of the body simply stop working efficiently

question

Alzheimer's Disease (430)

answer

A progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities

question

Disengagement Theory of Aging (431)

answer

A theory that suggests that aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels

question

Activity Theory of Aging (431)

answer

A theory that suggests that the elderly who are most successful while aging are those who maintain the interests and activities they had during middle age

question

Life Review (432)

answer

The process by which people examine and evaluate their lives

question

The fundamental attribution error is less likely:

answer

in collectivist cultures

question

Which of the following memory phenomena has been supported in impression formation?

answer

primacy effect

question

Which of the following statements concerning cognitive dissonance is true?

answer

Cognitive dissonance can occur in monkeys and even pre-school age children.

question

The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions.

answer

feelings

question

Most people associate the term cult with:

answer

a fringe group

question

Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably a doctor or nurse in the crowd who can provide better assistance. This is an example of:

answer

diffusion of responsibility

question

Jim is studying in his room and hears someone yell for help. He is at the first helping decision point, which is:

answer

noticing

question

One common cause of aggression is:

answer

frustration

question

When Jane Elliot divided her class into two groups based on eye color:

answer

the test scores of the out-group dropped

question

In the third element of social identity theory, people use ______ to improve their self-esteem.

answer

social comparison

question

The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group:

answer

with the least power.

question

Cheyenne detests smoking and has thus formed a negative ______ toward the behavior.

answer

attitude

question

Theresa found out after being denied a job opportunity that she had no chance of ever getting the job. It was leaked through an anonymous source that the company had planned to hire a man from the start, and that they would only interview women to make the company look fair and equal. Theresa's experience is a good example of _____.

answer

discrimination

question

Taylor is a member of the United States Marines. When told by his command to shoot, he shoots. Taylor is demonstrating _____.

answer

obedience

question

In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. This is an example of which rule of attraction?

answer

reciprocity

question

In Sternberg's theory, _______ encompasses the physical aspects of love.

answer

passion

question

______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together.

answer

Companionate

question

______ is the tendency to take our cues for appropriate behavior from others when we are in an ambiguous situation.

answer

Informational social influence

question

To minimize the possibility of groupthink:

answer

leaders should remain impartial.

question

The \"learner\" in Milgram's study:

answer

was an actor following a carefully prepared script.

question

Researchers examining Milgram's work have:

answer

not found any one trait or group of traits that will predict obedience in situations such as in Milram's study.

question

The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because:

answer

some poeple knew the shuttle was not OK to launch, but they did not speak up and thereby disrupt group cohesion.

question

Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. This illustrates:

answer

group polarization.

question

Social loafing can be explained by the fact that:

answer

it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people.

question

People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique:

answer

in collectivist cultures.

question

Source misattribution

answer

The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an ecent from information you learned about the event elsewhere

question

Explicit memory

answer

Conscious international recollection of an event or of an item of information

question

Recall

answer

The ability to retrieve and reproduce from memory previously encountered material

question

Recognition

answer

The ability to identify previously encountered material

question

Implicit memory

answer

Unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts or action

question

Priming

answer

A method for measuring implicit memory in which a person reads or listens to information and us later tested to see wether the information affects performance on another type of task

question

Relearning method

answer

A method for measuring retention that compares the time required to relearn material with the time used in the initial learning of the material

question

Parallel distributed processing (PDP) model

answer

A model of memory in which knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units, distributed in a vast network, and all ape rating in parallel. Also called a connectionest model

question

Sensory register

answer

A memory system that momentarily preserves extremely accurate images of sensory information

question

Short term memory (STM)

answer

In the three box model of memory a limited capacity memory system involved in the retention of information for brief periods; it is also used to hold information retrieved from long term memory for temporary use

question

Chunk

answer

A meaningful unit of information; it may be composed of smaller units

question

Working memory

answer

In many models of memory a cognitively complex form of short-term memory; it involves active mental processes that control retrieval of information from long-term memory and interpret that information appropriately for a given task

question

Long term memory (LTM)

answer

In the three-box model of memory, the memory system involved in the long-term storage of information

question

Procedural memories

answer

Memories for the performance of actions or skills (\"knowing how\")

question

Declarative memories

answer

Memories of facts, rules, concepts, and events (\"knowing that\") they include semantic and episodic memories

question

Semantic memories

answer

Memories of general knowledge including facts, rules, concepts, and propositions

question

Episodic memories

answer

Memories of personally experienced events and the context in which they occurred

question

Serial position effect

answer

The tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of the items in the middle of the list

question

Long-term potential

answer

A long lasting increase in the strength of synaptic responsiveness, thought to be a biological mechanism of long-term memory

question

Consolidation

answer

The process by which a long term memory becomes durable and relatively stable

question

Mnemonics

answer

Strategies and tricks for improving memory, such as the use of a verse or a formula

question

Maintenance rehearsal

answer

Rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory

question

Elaborative rehearsal

answer

Association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable

question

Deep processing

answer

In the encoding of information, the processing of meaning rather than simply the physical or sensory features of a stimulus

question

Decay theory

answer

The theory that information in memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed, it apply a better to short-term than long-term memory

question

Retroactive interference

answer

Forgetting that occurs when recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember similar material stored previously

question

Proactive interference

answer

Forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar

question

Cue-dependent forgetting

answer

The inability to retrieve information stored in memory because of insufficient cues from recall

question

State-dependent memory

answer

The tendency to remember somthing when the rememberer is in the same physical or mental state as during the original learning or experience

question

Mood-congruent memory

answer

The tendency to remember experiences that are consistent with ones current mood and overlook or forget experiences that are not

question

Amnesia

answer

The partial or complete loss of memory for important personal information

question

Repression

answer

In psychoanalytic theory, the selective, involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconscious

question

Childhood(infantile) amnesia

answer

The inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two or three years of life

question

A researcher shows participants a list of words, one at a time, for only a few seconds. Later in the day, the same people participate in a word-association task, and their answers are frequently the words they'd been shown earlier. The researcher concludes that

answer

the word list primed responses on the word association test

question

Where is information stored that allows us to learn, get around in the environment, build a sense of identity, and have a personal histo

answer

Long-term memory

question

John recently started attending group therapy sessions at a local school. The participants shared their emotional stories during these sessions, but often John found their memories disrupted while doing so. This is because ________.

answer

they were given a drug that prevented the production of epinephrine and norepinephrine

question

Of the following, the shallowest method of processing a word list is

answer

paying attention to how each word is spelled and how it sounds.

question

moved to the US recently and enrolled for a course in a leading school. He met Rob, an American classmate of his, and they exchanged childhood stories which were contrasting in nature. This is because

answer

Chinese students are more likely than American students to report early memories that focus on family and friends

question

true or false test requires _____

answer

Recognition

question

The connectionist model of memory suggests that memory is

answer

a network of processing units operating in parallel.

question

lesson learned from the McMartin preschool case is that ________

answer

children can be influenced by leading questions and suggestions from the person interviewing them.

question

One limitation of the three-box model of memory is that ________.

answer

it emphasizes sequential operations, but the brain operates in parallel

question

People who are shown an array of letters for only a fraction of a second typically will

answer

retain the information in the visual subsystem of the sensory register for half a second at most.

question

The size of a chunk of information in short-term storage is primarily dependent on

answer

previous experience with the stimuli.

question

Short-term memory involves

answer

a change in the readiness to release neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse.

question

Elizabeth Loftus' study in which participants estimated the speed of cars involved in an accident suggests that ________.

answer

when they are questioned, adults are highly influenced by the wording of the questions.

question

When a word is on the tip of the tongue, people tend to recall

answer

words that are similar in meaning as well as sound and form.

question

Vivid recollections of emotional events are sometimes known

answer

Flashbulb memories

question

Memories of facts, rules, concepts, and events (\"knowing that\") are known as

answer

Declarative memories

question

Sir Frederic Bartlett was influential in the history of memory research because

answer

suggested that memory is largely reconstructive.

question

The finding that retention of any item on a list depends on its position in the list is known as _

answer

The serial position effect

question

According to the three-box model, information from the environment enters the human memory first in ________.

answer

The sensory register

question

Confabulation is most likely to occur when ________.

answer

you have thought about and talked about the event many times.

question

The most well-known estimate of the capacity of short-term memory, orginally proposed by Miller, is

answer

Seven plus or minus two

question

The difference between the original conception of short-term memory and the newer view of working memory is that

answer

short-term memory largely functioned for storage, whereas working memory both holds and operates on the information.

question

Priming is a method for measuring

answer

Implicit memory

question

Unconscious retention of information is known as

answer

Implicit memory

question

The difference between the original conception of short-term memory and the newer view of working memory is that

answer

Short-term memory largely functioned for storage, whereas working memory both holds and operates on the information

question

A difference between the visual sensory register and the auditory sensory register is

answer

Visual images remain in the sensory register for a shorter period of time compared to auditory images

question

The frontal lobes are associated with

answer

Short-term memory task

question

People who are shown an array of 12 letters for only a fraction of a second typically can report

answer

4 or 5 of the letters

question

According to the theory of state-dependent memory, your memory is most effective if you are

answer

Angry when trying to remember an event, if you where also angry when the event occurred

question

Short term memory involves

answer

A change in the readiness to release neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse

question

Cisco moved to the us recently and enrolled for a course in a leading school. He met rob, an American classmate of his, and they exchanged childhood stories which where contrasting in nature. This is because

answer

Chinese students are more likely than American students to report early memories that focus on family and friends

question

A researcher shows participants a list of words, one at a time, for only a few seconds. Later in the day, the same people participate in a word-association task, and their answers are frequently the words they'd been shown earlier. The researcher concludes that

answer

The word list primed responses on the word association test

question

Kip failed her first psychology test, so she went to the instructor to get some study suggestions before the next test. According to Lazarus, Kip attempted to deal with her situation by using ______ coping.

answer

problem-focused

question

When Rosalina first found out that she had three term papers due in two weeks, she felt queasy. However, she soon started doing her research, and she began to feel better. Although the stressors were still present, Rasalina had begun to adapt to this situation. Rosalina is in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

answer

resistance

question

Julie is a gymnast who consistently falls off the beam when attempting one particular trick. She has an upcoming competition, and she is experiencing stress due to worry that she will fall again. Julie decides to set up a private lesson with her coach to try to figure out what she is doing wrong. This is an example of what coping strategy?

answer

problem-focused

question

When it is not possible to change or eliminate a stressor, the best emotion-focused way to cope is:

answer

to ignore the stressor

question

Actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors are:

answer

coping strategies

question

Researchers have found that laughter:

answer

boosts the immune system by increasing the number of natural killer cells.

question

Which of the following is NOT true of concentrative meditation?

answer

Delta brain waves increase.

question

________ strategies are actions people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stress.

answer

Coping

question

Alan's job required him to move to France. He took the opportunity to take some French cooking classes so he could cook for his friends when he returned home, and he also took French language lessons. He tried to speak French when he was out, but at home he still spoke English. Alan is dealing with acculturation through:

answer

integration.

question

According to Lazarus's cognitive mediational theory, what is the main influence on how much stress a person experiences in response to a stressor?

answer

the way a person thinks about and appraises the stressor

question

Which of the following activities is associated with a rise in immune system functioning?

answer

optimism

question

According to psychologist Richard Lazarus, the cognitive-mediational theory suggests that:

answer

the way people think about and appraise a stressor is a major factor in how stressful that particular stressor becomes.

question

Which of the following describes a person with a Type C personality?

answer

Phil is a sensitive, pleasant guy who avoids confrontation. He does not get along with his coworker, but rather than tell her when he disagrees with her, he internalizes his emotion and frustration.

question

According to the cognitive-mediational theory, the step during which a stressor is appraised and assessed as a threat is the:

answer

primary appraisal

question

The work of this psychologist and his colleagues has focused on ways to increase optimism in individuals, which by extension increases aspects of physical and psychological health.

answer

Seligman

question

Which of the following has the highest score on the SRRS?

answer

divorce

question

Faith experienced a high degree of stress when she did not receive a job offer she was expecting. This is an example of:

answer

external frustration

question

The decision to go back to school to get a new degree in order to begin a new career, with the positive and negative points to consider, is an example of which type of conflict?

answer

approach-avoidance

question

Stress-causing events are called:

answer

stressors

question

The phrase \"out of the frying pan, into the fire,\" describes which type of conflict?

answer

avoidance-avoidance

question

When people feel that they must work harder, faster, or do more, they are experiencing a type of stressor known as:

answer

pressure.

question

Dropping out of school or quitting a job are forms of:

answer

escape or withdrawal

question

Researchers found that _______ were much more strongly affected by hassles such as shopping, doctor's appointments, and bad weather.

answer

elderly people

question

Sam put his last dollar into a vending machine to buy himself a snack. The machine accepted the dollar but did not release the snack. Sam tried the snack button again, but it still did not work. Sam pushed the button for coin return, but the machine did not refund his money. Sam reacted by kicking the machine as hard as he could several times until a snack fell out. Kicking the machine is an example of:

answer

aggression

question

The destruction of the World Trade Center in New York City on September 11, 2001, is an example of a(n):

answer

catastrophe

question

Gender (p. 343)

answer

The perception of being male or female.

question

Gender Roles (p. 343)

answer

The set of expectations, defined by a particular society, that indicate what is appropriate behavior for men and women.

question

Sexism (p. 343)

answer

Negative attitudes and behavior toward a person based on that person's gender.

question

Gender Schema (p. 354)

answer

A mental framework that organizes and guides a child's understanding of information relevant to gender.

question

Androgens (p. 356)

answer

Male sex hormones secreted by the testes.

question

Genitals (p. 356)

answer

The male and female sex organs.

question

Estrogens (p. 356)

answer

Class of female sex hormones.

question

Progesterone (p. 356)

answer

A female sex hormone secreted by the ovaries.

question

Ovulation (p. 356)

answer

The point at which an egg is released from the ovaries.

question

Erogenous Zones (p. 358)

answer

Areas of the body that are particularly sensitive because of the presence of an unusually rich array of nerve receptors.

question

Excitement Phase (p. 359)

answer

The period in which an arousing stimulus begins a sequence that prepares the genitals for sexual intercourse.

question

Plateau Phase (p. 359)

answer

The period in which the maximum level of arousal is attained, the penis and clitoris swell with blood, and the body prepares for orgasm.

question

Orgasm (p. 359)

answer

The peak of sexual excitement, during which rhythmic muscular contractions occur in the genitals.

question

Resolution Stage (p. 359)

answer

The interval after orgasm in which the body returns to its unaroused state, reversing the changes brought about by arousal.

question

Refractory Period (p. 359)

answer

A temporary period that follows the resolution stage and during which the male cannot develop an erection again.

question

Masturbation (p. 364)

answer

Sexual self-stimulation.

question

Heterosexuality (p. 365)

answer

Sexual attraction and behavior directed to the other sex.

question

Double Standard (p. 365)

answer

The view that premarital sex is permissible for males but not for females.

question

Extramarital Sex (p. 367)

answer

Sexual activity between a married person and someone who is not his or her spouse.

question

Homosexuals (p. 367)

answer

Persons who are sexually attracted to members of their own sex.

question

Bisexuals (p. 367)

answer

Persons who are sexually attracted to people of the same sex and the other sex.

question

Transsexuals (p. 369)

answer

People who believe they were born with the body of the other gender.

question

Rape (p. 370)

answer

The act by which one person forces another person to submit to sexual activity.

question

Date Rape (p. 370)

answer

Rape in which the rapist is either a date or a romantic acquaintance.

question

Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) (p. 372)

answer

A disease acquired through sexual contact.

question

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (p. 373)

answer

A sexually transmitted infection caused by a virus that destroys the body's immune system.

question

Erectile Dysfunction (p. 374)

answer

A male's inability to achieve or maintain an erection.

question

Premature Ejaculation (p. 374)

answer

A male's inability to delay orgasm as long as he wishes.

question

Inhibited Ejaculation (p. 374)

answer

A male's inability to ejaculate when he wants to, if at all.

question

Anorgasmia (p. 374)

answer

A female's lack of orgasm.

question

Inhibited Sexual Desire (p. 374)

answer

A sexual dysfunction in which the motivation for sexual activity is restrained or lacking entirely.

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