Patterns for College Writing
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Chapter 1
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Invention
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Chapter 2
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Arrangement
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Chapter 3
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Drafting and Revising
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Chapter 4
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Narration
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Chapter 5
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Description
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Chapter 6
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Exemplification
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Chapter 7
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Process
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Chapter 8
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Cause and Effect
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Chapter 9
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Comparison and Contrast
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Chapter 10
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Classification and Division
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Chapter 11
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Definition
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Chapter 12
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Argumentation
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Chapter 13
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Combining the Patterns
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Invention/prewriting
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Stage in which you discover what interests you about your subject and what ideas you will develop in your essay
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5 Limits of the Assignment
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Length, purpose, audience, occasion, and knowledge
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4 Types of Audiences
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Individual, Group, Specialized, General/Universal
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8 Types of Introductions
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Background Information, Definition, Anecdote, Question, Quotation, Surprising Statement, Contradiction, Fact
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3 Steps to Achieving Coherence
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Key words, Pronouns, Transitions
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Examples
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Specific illustrations of a general idea or concept
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Reasons
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Underlying causes or explanations
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Facts
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Pieces of information that can be verified or proven
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Statistics
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Numerical data
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Details
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Parts or portions of a whole
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Expert opinions
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Statements by authorities in a particular field
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Personal Experiences
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Events that you lived through
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Comma Splice
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An error in which two independent clauses are connected by a comma alone
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Fused Sentence
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An error in which two independent clauses are connected without any punctuation
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Narration
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Tells a story by presenting events in an orderly, logical sequence
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2 Types of Run-on sentences
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Fused, comma splice
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Description
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Tell readers about the physical characteristics of a person, place, or thing
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Dominant Impression
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Mood or quality that is emphasized in the piece of writing
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Objective Description
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Focus on the object itself rather than on your personal reactions to it
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Subjective Description
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Conveys your personal response to your subject
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Connotations
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Emotional overtones associated with words
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Denotations
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Direct meanings associated with words
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Misplaced Modifier
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Appears to modify the wrong word because it is placed incorrectly in the sentence
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Dangling Modifier
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Modifies a word that does not appear in the sentence
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Process
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Explains how to do something or how something occurs
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Instructions
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Enable readers to perform a process
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Process Explanation
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Help readers understand how a process is carried out
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4 Unnecessary Shifts
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Person, Tense, Mood, Voice
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Cause and Effect
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Analyzes why something happens
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Main Cause
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Most important cause
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Contributory Cause
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Less important cause
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Immediate Cause
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Closely precedes an effect and is therefore relatively easy to recognize
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Remote Cause
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Less obvious because it involves something in the past or far away
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Causal Chain
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A causes B, B causes C, C causes D, etc.
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post hoc Reasoning
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Equates a chronological sequence with causality
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Affect
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Verb, to influence
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Effect
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Noun, a result
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Comparison
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Shows how two or more things are alike
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Contrast
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Shows how two or more things are different
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Basis of Comparison
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The two things have enough in common to justify comparison
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Subject-by-subject comparison
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Essentially writing a separate essay about each subject, but you discuss the same points for both subjects (short, uncomplicated papers)
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Point-by-point comparison
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First make a point about one subject then follow it with a comparable point about the other (longer more complicated essays where you discuss different points)
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Parallelism
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The use of matching nouns, verbs, phrases, or clauses to express the same or similar ideas
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Division
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The process of breaking a whole into parts
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Classification
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The process of sorting individual items into categories
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Classification and division
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Make sense of seemingly random ideas by putting scattered bits of information into useful, coherent order
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Principle of Classification
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The quality your items have in common
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Definition
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Tells what a term means and how it is different from other terms in its class
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Formal Definitions
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Brief, succinct explanations of what words mean (dictionary)
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Extended Definitions
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Longer, more complex definitions (could be paragraph, essay, or book)
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3 Basic Parts of an Extended Definition
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Term, class, distinguishing characteristics
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Slang
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Informal expressions whose meanings vary from locale to locale or change as time passes
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Argumentation
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Reasoned, logical way of asserting the soundness of a position, belief, or conclusion
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Persuasion
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Refers to the method by which a writer moves an audience to adopt a belief or follow a course of action
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Argumentation
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Appeal to reason
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Evidence
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Facts and opinions in support of your position
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Opinions
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Interpretations of facts
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3 Criteria's for Evidence
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Relevant, representative, sufficient
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Documenting
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Providing source of the information
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Common Knowledge
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Information you could easily find in several reference sources
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Refutation
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Addressing objections to your arguments
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Deductive Reasoning
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Proceeds from a general premise or assumption to a specific conclusion
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Inductive Reasoning
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Proceeds from individual observations to a more general conclusion and uses no strict form
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Syllogism
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Consists of a major premise and minor premise and a conclusion (basic form of deductive argument)
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Minor Premise
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Related but more specific statement
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Major Premise
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General statement
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Inductive Leap
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The crucial step from evidence to conclusion
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Jumping to a Conclusion
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Amounts to a premature inductive leap
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Toulmin Logic
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An effort to describe argumentation as it actually occurs in everyday life
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Claim
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The main point of the essay
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Grounds
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The material a writer uses to support the claim (can be evidence)
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Warrant
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The inference that connects the claim to the grounds
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Fallacy~Begging the Question
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Logical fallacy that assumes in the premise what the arguer should be trying to prove in the conclusion, Fallacy
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Fallacy~Argument from Analogy
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Ignores important dissimilarities between two things being compared, Fallacy
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Fallacy~Personal Attack
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Tried to divert attention from the facts of an argument by attacking the motives or character of the person making the argument, Fallacy
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Fallacy~Hasty or Sweeping Generalizations
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Occurs when a conclusion is reached on the basis of too little evidence, Fallacy
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Fallacy~False Dilemma
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Occurs when you suggest that only two alternatives exist even thought there may be others, Fallacy
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Fallacy~Equivocation
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Occurs when the meaning of a key term changes at some point in an argument, Fallacy
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Fallacy~Red Herring
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Occurs when the focus of an argument is changed to divert the audience from the actual issue, Fallacy
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Fallacy~You Also
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Asserts that an opponent's argument has no value because the opponent does not follow his or her own advice, Fallacy
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Fallacy~Appeal to Doubtful Authority
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Occurs when people bolster and argument with references to experts or famous people who are not an expert on the topic, Fallacy
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Fallacy~Misleading Statistics
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Misinterpreted or distorted statistics attempting to influence the audience, Fallacy
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Fallacy~Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
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Assumes that because two events occur close together in time, the first must be the cause of the second, Fallacy
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Fallacy~Non Sequitur
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Occurs when a statement does not logically follow from a previous statement
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Compound Sentence
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Made up of two or more independent clauses (simple sentences) connected by a coordinating conjunction
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Coordinating Conjunctions
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Join two independent clauses that contain ideas of equal importance and indicate how those ideas are related
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Complex Sentence
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Made up of one independent clause (simple sentence) and one or more dependent clauses
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Indefinite Pronoun
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Does not refer to a specific person or thing
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Antecedent
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The noun or pronoun to which a pronoun refers
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College Pressures
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Classification and Division
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Ground Zero
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Description
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How the Lawyers Stole Winter
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Comparison and Contrast
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Thirty-Eight People Who Saw Murder Didn't Call the Police
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Narration
