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Melody

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line or tune in music

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Chromatic

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includes all 12 notes of an octave

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Conjunct

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melody that moves in small, connected intervals

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Disjunct

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melody that leaps in larger, disconnected intervals

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Phrase

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units that make up a melody

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Cadence

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phrases end in resting places called

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Interval

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the distance between any two pitches

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Range

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span of pitches

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Unison

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Two or more voices or instruments playing the same note simultaneously

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Countermelody

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a melody accompanied by a secondary melody

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Beat

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regular pulsation, a basic unit of length in musical time

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Meter

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organization of rhythm in time; the grouping of beats into larger, regular patterns, notated as measures

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Downbeat

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first beat of the measure, the strongest in any meter

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Polyrhythms

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the simultaneous use of several rhythmic patterns or meters, common in twentieth-century music and certain African musics.

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Syncopation

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deliberate upsetting of the meter or pulse throw a temporary shifting of the accent to a weak beat of an offbeat

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Nonmetric

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music lacking a strong sense of beat or meter, common in non-Western cultures

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Harmony

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the simultaneous combination of notes and the ensuring relationships of intervals and chords

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Dissonance

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combination of tones that sounds discordant and unstable, in need of resolution

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Consonance

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concordant or harmonious combination of pitches that provides a sense of relaxation and stability in music

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Atonality

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total abandonment of tonality, moves from one level of dissonance to another, without areas of relaxation

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Modulation

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the process of changing from one key to another

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Chord

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simultaneous combination of three or more pitches that constitute a singe block of harmony

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Scale

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series of pitches in ascending or descending order, comprising the notes of a key

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Microtones

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musical interval smaller than a semitone (half step), prevalent in some non-Western music and some twentieth-century music

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Monophony

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single-line texture, or melody without accompaniment

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Polyphony

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the simultaneous use of two or more keys, common in twentieth-century music

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Imitation

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melodic idea presented in one voice or part and then restated in another, each part continuing as others enter

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Round

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perpetual canon at the unison in which each voice enters in succession with the same melody (FE, row row row your boat)

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Homophony

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Music written to be sung or played in unison

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Strophic

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a unit or verse of poetry, also a stanza

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Binary

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two part form (A-B) with each section normally repeated (two-part form)

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Ternary

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sometimes called song form, is a three-part musical form where the first section (A) is repeated after the second section (B) ends

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Theme

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melodic idea used as a basic building block in the construction of a piece (subject)

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Motives

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short melodic of rhythmic idea; the smallest fragment of a theme that forms a melodic harmonic rhythmic unit

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Sequence

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restatement of an idea or motive at a different pitch level

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Call and Response (responsorial)

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performance style with a singing leader who is imitated by a chorus of followers

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Variation

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the compositional procedure of altering a preexisting musical idea

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A cappella

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choral music performed without instrumental accompaniment

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Chamber music

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ensemble music for up to about ten players, with one player to a part

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String quartet

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chamber music ensemble consisting of two violins, two violas, and cello; or two violins, viola, and two cellos

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Piano trio

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standard chamber ensemble of piano with violin and cello

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Woodwind quintet

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standard chamber ensemble consisting of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn

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Brass quintet

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standard chamber ensemble made up of two trumpets, horn, trombone, and tuba

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Standard symphony orchestra

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an ensemble of multiple stings with various woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments

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Conductor

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person who by means of gestures, leads performances of music ensembles, especially orchestras, bands or choruses

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Concertmaster

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the first chair violinist of a symphony orchestra

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Sacred Music

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religious or spiritual music for church or devotional use

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Secular Music

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nonreligious music; when there is text, it is usually in the vernacular

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Genres

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general term describing the standard category and overall character of a work

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Gregorian chant or plainchant

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monophonic melody with a freely flowing, unmeasured vocal line; liturgical chant of the Roman Catholic Church (plainchant or plain song)

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Syllabic

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melodic style of one note set to each text syllable

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Neumatic

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melodic style with two to four notes set to each syllable

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Melismatic

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melodic style characterized by many notes sung to a single text syllable

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Mass

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central service of the roman catholic church

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Proper and Ordinary of the Mass

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The music of the Mass consists of two main groups of pieces; the Ordinary (the texts sung at each service), and the Proper (those which change according to the season or saint being celebrated)

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Kyrie Eleison

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the first musical section of the Ordinary of the Mass

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Cloister

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a covered walk, especially in a religious institution

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Monastery

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a building or buildings occupied by a community of monks living under religious vows

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Organum

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earliest kind of polyphonic music, which developed from the custom of the adding voices above a plainchant, they first run parallel to the chant at the interval of a fifth or fourth and later moved more freely

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Motet

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polyphonic vocal genre, often secular in the Middle Ages but sacred or devotional thereafter

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Minstrel singers

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an itinerant singer or instrumentalist; an entertainer

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Troubadours

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medieval poet-musicains in southern France

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Trouveres

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medieval poet-musicians in northern France

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Minnesingers

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late medieval German poet-musicians

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Cantus firmus

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\"Fixed Melody\", usually of very long notes, often based on a fragment of Gregorian chant that served as the structural basis of a polyphonic composition, particularly in the Renaissance

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Reformation

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A religious movement in the sixteenth century that began as an attempted reform of the Roman Catholic Church but resulted in the founding of Protestant churches separate from it.

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Counter Reformation

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was the period of Catholic resurgence beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), and was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation.

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Madrigal

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renaissance secular work originating in Italy for voices, with or without instruments, set to a short, lyric love poem, also popular in England

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Word painting

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musical pictoralization of words as an expressive device, a prominent feature of the Renaissance madrigal

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Humanism

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a way of thinking, introduce in the Renaissance in which the focus is on human beings and their values

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Chanson

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french monophonic or polyphonic song, especially of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, set to either courtly or popular poetry

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Grave

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solemn; very, very slow

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Largo

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broad, very slow

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Adagio

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quite slow

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Andante

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moderately slow or walking pace

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Moderato

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moderate

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Allegro

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fast, cheerful

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Vivace

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lively

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Presto

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very fast

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Ritardando

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holding back, getting slower

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Diminuendo

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growing faster

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Dynamics

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element of musical expression relating to the degree of loudness or softness, or volume of a sound

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Metronome

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device used to indicate the tempo by sounding regular beats at adjustable speeds

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Crescendo

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growing louder

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Decrescendo

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growing softer

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Sforzando

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sudden stress or accent on a note or chord

MUL 2010 Exam 1

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