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social psychology

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the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior influence and are influenced by social groups; area of psychology in which psychologists focus on how human behavior is affected by the presence of other people

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social influence

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the process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual

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conformity

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changing one's own behavior to match that of other people

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groupthink

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kind of thinking that occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned

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group polarization

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the tendency for members involved in a group discussion to take somewhat more extreme positions and suggest riskier actions which compared to individuals who have not participated in a group discussion

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social facilitation

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the tendency for the presence of other people to have a positive impact on the performance of an easy task

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social impairment

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the tendency for the presence of other people to have a negative impact on the performance of a difficult task

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social loafing

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the tendency for people to put less effort into a simple task when working with others on that task

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deindividuation

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the lessening of personal identity, self-restraint, and the sense of personal responsibility that can occur within a group

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consumer psychology

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branch of psychology that studies the habits of consumers in the marketplace

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compliance

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changing one's behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change

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foot-in-the-door technique

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asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment

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door-in-the-face technique

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asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment

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lowball technique

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getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost of that commitment

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cult

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any group of people with a particular religious of philosophical set of beliefs and identity

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obedience

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changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure

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attitude

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a tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain person, object, idea, or situation

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persuasion

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the process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course of action of another person through argument, pleading, or explanation

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elaboration likelihood model

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model of persuasion stating that people will either elaborate on the persuasive message or fail to elaborate on it and that the future actions of those who do elaborate are more predictable that those who do not

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central-route processing

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type of information processing that involves attending to the content of the message itself

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peripheral-route processing

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type of information processing that involves attending to factors not involved in the message, such as the appearance of the source of the message, the length of the message, and other non content factors

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cognitive dissonance

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sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person's behavior does not correspond to that person's attitudes

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impression formation

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the forming of the first knowledge that a person has concerning another person

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social categorization

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the assignment of a person has just met to a category based on characteristics the new person has in common with other people with whom one has had experience in the past

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stereotype

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a set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of a particular social category; a concept held about a person or group of people that is based on superficial, irrelevant characteristics

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implicit personality theory

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sets of assumptions about how different types of people, personality traits, and actions are related to each others

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attribution

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the process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others

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attribution theory

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the theory of how people make attributions

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situational cause

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cause of behavior attributed to external factors, such as delays, the action of others, or some other aspect of the situation

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dispositional cause

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cause of behavior attributed to internal factors such as personality or character

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fundamental attribution error

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the tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors in determining behavior while underestimating situational factors

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prejudice

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negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group

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discrimination

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treating people differently because of prejudice toward the the social group to which they belong

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in-groups

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social groups with whom a person identifies; \"us\"

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out-groups

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social groups with whom a person does not identify; \"them\"

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social cognitive theory

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referring to the use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world

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realistic conflict theory

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theory stating that prejudice and discrimation will be increased between groups that are in conflict over a limited resource

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social identity theory

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theory in which the formation of a person's identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison

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social identity

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the part of the self-concept including one's view of self as a member of a particular social category

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social comparison

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the comparison of oneself to others in ways that raise one's self-esteem

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stereotype vulnerablility

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the effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior

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self-fulfilled prophecy

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the tendency of one's expectations to affect one's behavior in such a way as to make the expectations more likely to occur

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equal status contact

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contact between groups in which the groups have equal status with neither group having power over the other

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\"jigsaw classroom\"

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educational technique in which each individual is given only part of the information needed to solve a problem, causing the separate individuals to be forced the work together to find the solution

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interpersonal attraction

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liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person

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proximity

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a Gestalt principle of perception, the tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping; physical or geographical nearness

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reciprocity of liking

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tendency of people to like other people who like them in return

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romantic love

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type of love consisting of intimacy and passion

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compassionate love

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type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment

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aggression

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actions meant to harm or destroy; behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person

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social role

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the pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is in a particular social position

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prosocial behavior

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socially desirable behavior that benefits others

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altruism

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prosocial behavior that is done with no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself

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bystander effect

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referring to the effect that the presence of other people has on the decision to help or not help, with help becoming less likely as the number of bystanders increases

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diffusion of responsiblity

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occurring when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility

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social neuroscience

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the study of the relationship between biological systems and social processes and behavior

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Strategies for overcoming prejudice include:

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intergroup and equal status contact

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Scapegoats are:

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typically members of the out-group.

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_____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude.

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Prejudice; discrimination

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The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is:

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stereotype vulnerability

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The formation of in-groups and out-groups:

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begins in childhood

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The sadistic behavior of the \"guards\" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study:

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highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people.

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_______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for action or inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility.

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Diffusion of responsibility

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People can reduce cognitive dissonance by:

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forming new cognitions to justify their behavior

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Which of the following statements best describes attitudes?

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Attitudes are learned through experiences as we live and work with others.

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A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through:

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persuasion

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If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, this is an example of the:

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foot-in-the-door technique

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Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. Karen is engaging in:

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aggression

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Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. This is an example of which rule of attraction?

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proximity

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Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. He did so without any expectation of reward or getting anything in return for his actions. This is an example of:

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altruism

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The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to _____

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the perceived presence of multiple witnesses

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Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of:

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direct contact

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Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. Marco is using an example of:

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situational cause.

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Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______.

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public; women; men

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A person demanding _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change

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obedience

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In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to:

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give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task.

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The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of:

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groupthink

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In the Milgram study and several similar studies, _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level

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65

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Some research suggests that ______ is one of the main factors that influence people's choices for selecting people they want to know better.

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physical attractiveness

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According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and ______________.

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commitment

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Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of:

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intimacy and commitment

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The \"jigsaw classroom\":

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is a technique that gives each individual only part of the information needed to solve a problem, so they must work with others to find the solution

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Strategies for overcoming prejudice include:

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intergroup and equal status contact

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The fundamental attribution error is less likely:

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in collectivist cultures

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According to the ________, people either expand on what they hear or they pay attention to the surface characteristics of persuasive messages.

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elaboration likelihood model

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In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. This is an example of which rule of attraction?

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reciprocity

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Sheri's coworker, Stephanie, is very afraid of spiders and screams every time she sees one in the warehouse. After a few weeks of working closely with Stephanie in the warehouse, Sheri is afraid of spiders, too. This is an example of:

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vicarious conditioning

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Julie is a psychologist involved in figuring out how to get people to purchase a certain brand of computer. Julie is involved in:

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consumer psychology

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Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Harry's belief is based on:

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implicit personality theory

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The door-in-the-face technique involves:

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asking for a large commitment and then, after being refused, asking for a smaller commitment

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As we interact with others on a daily basis, our behavior, feelings, and thoughts are often guided by:

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social influence

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The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because:

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some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch, but they did not speak up and thereby disrupt group cohesion.

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In his experiment on conformity, Asch found that:

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conformity increased with each new confederate, up to four confederates

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In Sternberg's theory, _______ encompasses the physical aspects of love.

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passion

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In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color.

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discrimination

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A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. Despite the seriousness of his message, the police officer jokes and laughs with the employees. Jane nevertheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message.

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central-route processing

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In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational rather than personal attributions. Such a phenomenon is known as:

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the actor-observer bias.

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According to your textbook, the _____ theory explains prejudice and discrimination between the Nazi soldiers and Jewish people during WWII.

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realistic conflict

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The presence of others heavily influences helping behavior when a situation is:

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ambiguous

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Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. This illustrates:

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group polarization

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In the Latane and Darley smoke-filled room study, participants were most likely to report the smoke when:

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they were the only ones in the room.

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Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is

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planning a course of action

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In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter:

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told them that they had to continue

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Jackie is assigned to a group project. It is in her best subject, and she finds the material easy. Jackie will probably experience:

answer

social facilitation

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______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together

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companionate

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Raheem is questioned about his failure to provide assistance to a fellow student who was calling out for help while being bullied by other students. Raheem replies, \"No one else did anything, so I did nothing.\" Raheem's response is a good example of ______.

answer

diffusion of responsibility

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Kayla decided to drink at the party simply because everyone else seemed to be doing it. Kayla's behavior is an example of _______.

answer

conformity

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As Vivian was driving to work the other day, she was passed by a vehicle that was swerving uncontrollably until it came to a complete stop on the side of the road. Unaware that the driver's steering wheel was malfunctioning, Vivian said out loud to herself, \"Some people just can't drive and need to stay off the road.\" Vivian's assumption about the other driver can be referred to as _________.

answer

fundamental attribution error

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A woman falls on the sidewalk in front of Ben. There is no one else around. Studies have shown that Ben is _________ in this situation

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more likely to help

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Studies have shown _______ between exposure to media violence and aggression in children.

answer

a correlation

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Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably a doctor or nurse in the crowd who who can provide better assistance. This is an example of:

answer

diffusion of responsibility

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The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group:

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with the least power

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One way to reduce prejudice is to promote personal involvement with people from other groups that is cooperative and occurs when all groups are equal in terms of power or status. This is known as:

answer

equal status contact

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Invulnerability, where members of a group feel they can do no wrong, is a characteristic of:

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groupthink

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________ is the tendency to take our cues for appropriate behavior from others when we are in an ambiguous situation

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informational social influence

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Social loafing can be explained by the fact that:

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it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people.

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To minimize the possibility of groupthink:

answer

leaders should remain impartial

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Most people associate the term cult with:

answer

a fringe group

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Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. This type of thinking is an example of:

answer

the fundamental attribution error

question

In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task:

answer

convinced themselves that the task was interesting

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Jim's friends all think that school is unimportant and that people who study are losers. As Jim spends more time with these friends, he also adopts the attitude that school is useless because of:

answer

interaction with others

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Researchers found that reciprocity of liking doesn't work when:

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a person suffers from feelings of low self-worth

question

When a person changes his or her own behavior to more closely match the actions of others, this is:

answer

conformity

question

Nick wanted his friend Jason to go skiing with him for the day. Jason didn't want to go because he said it would cost too much money. Nick said it would just cost $20. When they got there, lift tickets cost $20 as Nick had said, but Jason also had to pay for parking, ski rentals, and rental insurance. Nick used the:

answer

lowball technique

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Stanley Milgram set out to learn:

answer

how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure.

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The \"learner\" in Milgram's study:

answer

was an actor following a carefully prepared script

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In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in:

answer

romantic love

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Tyonna hates to exercise. However, when she does go to the gym and others are there exercising around her, she becomes completely motivated. Tyonna's change in behavior could be due to the effect of ______.

answer

social facilitation

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In an attempt to understand why she failed the exam, Martina came to the conclusion that the exam must have been tricky, and that her failing had nothing to do with the fact that she did not study. Martina's attribution of her own behavior was related to a _______ cause.

answer

situational

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In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem.

answer

social comparison

question

The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions.

answer

feelings

question

Which of the following memory phenomena has been supported in impression formation?

answer

primacy effect

question

In Asch's study, conformity decreased when

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at least one confederate agreed with the participant

question

Which of the following would not be effective in minimizing groupthink?

answer

Caroline wants her team to openly vote by a show of hands either for or against her business plan

question

One of the keys to deindividuation is

answer

anonymity

question

Conner needs just $20 more to go out with his friends. He asks his mother for $50 but she tells him he can have $30 instead. In the end, Conner ended up with $10 more than he originally planned. What technique did Conner use?

answer

door-in-the-face techinque

question

Follow-up research to Stanley Milgram's original study has found that __ of \"teachers\" will deliver shocks up to the point of being lethal

answer

over 60%

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Studies have found that attitudes are primarily the result of

answer

learned behavior

question

Which of the following represents the affective component of an attitude ?

answer

\"I love to go to the clubs -- it makes me so happy!\"

question

Erin hates snakes, even though she has never been bitten or been close to one. She developed her feelings by seeing how scared her mother was when she came across them in the garden, or even when watching a movie or television show where there was a snake. Erin's attitude towards snakes was most likely acquired through

answer

vicarious conditioning

question

As an attorney, you always recommend to your clients that they dress up in professional clothes for their day in court. What aspect of persuasion are you focusing upon?

answer

the source

question

One of your friends tells you, \"I didn't like the environmental-awareness presentation today. First of all it was too long, not to mention the person that gave it was drinking out of a polystyrene cup and drove away in a huge SUV\" What kind of processing might your friend be using?

answer

peripheral-route processing

question

In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting a task really was. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were

answer

paid only $1

question

If you were to describe impression formation in just one word, what would that be?

answer

prediction

question

According to the phenomenon known as social categorization, what is the most influential in helpful us form an attitude about someone or something ?

answer

Those things that happen first, also known as the primacy effect

question

Kohanna thinks that everyone who smiles must always be happy and those who are quiet must be naturally shy. Such assumptions are the bases for

answer

implicit personality theory

question

Caleb almost always shows up late for work. His friends attribute this to Caleb's laziness. This is an example of __ cause

answer

dispositional

question

How might someone who unknowingly is committing the fundamental attribution error explain Stanley Milgram's obedience study?

answer

subjects in that study must have been the kind of people that like to hurt others

question

Prejudice is about __ while discrimination is about __

answer

attitudes; behavior

question

Jewell and Amie became friends while taking an evening class at the local community college. Jewell was later horrified to find out that Amie was actually a teacher at the college. Subsequently, Jewell stopped talking with Amie, thus ending their friendship. What theory of prejudice and discrimination might this be an example of ?

answer

in-group/out-group theory

question

In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the

answer

test scores dropped for each group during their respective turn as the out-group

question

Which of the following would be the most effective way to decrease prejudice ?

answer

create an environment of equal status, where groups must rely upon each other to solve a common problem

question

The more you see someone, the more likely you are to like that person. Such a phenomenon is often due to

answer

mere exposure

question

What does the research say about the concept of opposites attract ?

answer

Studies do not support this idea but instead offer the explanation of complementary qualities

question

In grade school, 12 year old Chase does not know 12 year old Corrine well, but starts to like her when he hears from her friends that she has a crush on him. This is an example of

answer

reciprocity of liking

question

According to Robert Sternberg's three components of love, which component addresses the physical aspects?

answer

passion

question

According to Sternberg, when all three components of love are present, a couple possesses __ love

answer

consummate

question

When people are unable to reach a goal, frustration may result, which can ultimately turn into

answer

aggression

question

Increased levels of aggression in those who drink alcohol may be due to a decrease in what neurotransmitter ?

answer

serotnin

question

Studies of the brain have found that __ is influential in the presence of __ behavior

answer

temporoparietal junction; altruistic

question

Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is

answer

taking responsibility

question

Saul admits that he conforms so as to be liked by others. This is known as

answer

normative social influence

question

According to the text, in which of the following has groupthink been known to occur?

answer

the sinking of the Titanic

question

Many businesses now require their employees to work in teams, believing that a group of four to five employees will accomplish more than four to five individuals working alone. This is an example of what concept?

answer

social facilitation

question

Maria was approached by her neighbor asking her to adopt two to three ktitens that were abandoned by their mother. While Maria refused to take in three kittens, she did agree to adopt just one. What compliance technique did her neighobr use on Maria?

answer

door-in-the-face

question

Which of the following people would probably not be a prime candidate for membership into a cult

answer

Lawrence, who only has a highschool diploma but tends to be indepdent and happy with his life

question

Follow-up studies to Stanley Milgram's research have suggested that a teacher's willingness to deliever potentially lethal shocks may be more of a product of __ than of obedience.

answer

social identity

question

The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which mehod of attitude formation?

answer

direct instruction

question

Researchers have found that a __ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective, partiicularly when it is combined with

answer

moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences

question

Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. Sandy was using __ processing

answer

central-route

question

If LaShonda was experiencing a sense of cognitive dissonance between her attitude and behavior, which of the following would help her reduce that uncomfortable sensation?

answer

changing her behavior

question

Gerard goes to a job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn T-shirt, and sandals. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about

answer

impression formation

question

If behavior is assumed to be caused by external characteristics this is known as

answer

a situational cause

question

Thomas likes to \"hang with the guys\". These people with whom Thomas identifies most strongly with are called a(n)

answer

in-group

question

The \"Robber's Cave\" experiment showed the value of __ in combating prejudice

answer

equal status contact

question

Vivan and Steve met at work. At first they were just friends, but over time, they found themselves falling in love -- or as Vivian tells her friends, \"Steve just grew on me!\" According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for their attraction is

answer

mere exposure

question

According to Sternberg, a couple whose love is passed off of intimacy and passion but who are not yet committed to a long-term relationship are int he form of love called __ love

answer

romantic

question

The concept that aggression results from a social role is based on what psychological theory?

answer

learning

question

To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute to the failure of those around LaShanda Calloway to help[ her?

answer

bystander effect and altruism

question

Cara knows that she can help people simply by dialing 9-1-1 on her cell phone if an emergency arises. Which step in the decision process for helping would Cara be at ?

answer

planning a course of action

question

Which of the following would the field of social neuroscience be most likely to study ?

answer

what parts of the brain influence social behavior

question

Which of the following scenarios will probably not result in the bystander effect?

answer

You come across someone lying on a walking path while you are walking alone at your local nature center

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